Deforestation and Changes in Landscape Patterns from 1979 to 2006 in Suan County, DPR Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Acquisition and Preprocessing
2.3. Land Classification System
2.4. Land-Cover Classification
2.5. Accuracy Assessment
2.6. Land-Cover Change Detection
2.7. Landscape Pattern Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Land-Cover Trends
Index | Description (McGarigal and Marks 1995; de Barros Ferraz, 2009) | Unit |
---|---|---|
PD | Patch density—density of patches for each land-use (number of patches per unit of area), representing an aspect of fragmentation: dissection of patches. Higher values represent a more fragmented landscape | N/100ha |
ED | Edge density—standardized edge to a per unit area basis that facilitates comparisons among landscapes of varying size | m/ha |
LPI | Largest Patch Index—proportion of the landscape occupied by the largest patch of each land use, representing another aspect of fragmentation: patch dominance. Values range from 0 (no patches) to 100 (1 patch occupying the entire landscape) | % |
C%LAND | Core area percentage of landscape—the core area in each patch type as a percentage of total landscape area | % |
MSI | Mean shape index—the average patch shape, or the average perimeter-to-area ratio, for a particular patch type (class) or for all patches in the landscape | - |
MNN | Mean nearest neighbor distance—mean distance between patches of same class (land-use), which could represent another aspect of fragmentation: connectivity between patches. Values range from 0 (adjacent patches) to infinity | m |
Class | 1979–1992 | 1992–2001 | 2001–2006 | 1979–2006 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ha a−1 | % | ha a−1 | % | ha a−1 | % | ha a−1 | % | |
Closed canopy forest | −30.57 | −6.89 | −142.88 | −23.97 | 82.74 | 10.14 | −47.02 | −20.72 |
Open canopy forest | 20.48 | 10.14 | 36.19 | 11.26 | −84.16 | −13.07 | 6.34 | 8.33 |
Agriculture land | 7.84 | 7.34 | 99.86 | 60.29 | −5.30 | −1.11 | 36.08 | 66.52 |
Built-up land | 1.72 | 11.11 | 6.92 | 27.78 | 6.84 | 11.94 | 4.40 | 50.83 |
Water | 0.52 | - | −1.33 | −0.8 | −0.14 | −12.12 | 0.19 | - |
3.2. Spatial Analysis
3.3. Landscape Structure Dynamics
4. Discussion
4.1. Deforestation and Drivers
4.2. Landscape Fragmentation
4.3. Forest Transition and Livelihood Development
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
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Pang, C.; Yu, H.; He, J.; Xu, J. Deforestation and Changes in Landscape Patterns from 1979 to 2006 in Suan County, DPR Korea. Forests 2013, 4, 968-983. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040968
Pang C, Yu H, He J, Xu J. Deforestation and Changes in Landscape Patterns from 1979 to 2006 in Suan County, DPR Korea. Forests. 2013; 4(4):968-983. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040968
Chicago/Turabian StylePang, Choljun, Haiying Yu, Jun He, and Jianchu Xu. 2013. "Deforestation and Changes in Landscape Patterns from 1979 to 2006 in Suan County, DPR Korea" Forests 4, no. 4: 968-983. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040968