Concentration Levels of Imidacloprid and Dinotefuran in Five Tissue Types of Black Walnut, Juglans nigra
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Extraction, Clean-Up and Quantification of Chemicals
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Concentration Levels of Imidacloprid in Walnut Tissue Types
Sampling Time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 May 2011 | 20 July 2011 | 20 September 2011 | 20 December 2011 | 20 April 2011 | |
Tissue Types | |||||
Upper Twig | 11.98 ± 1.74 dE ** | 63.62 ± 2.55 dD | 87.30 ± 1.34 dC | 101.23 ± 2.34 dB | 123.11 ± 2.10 dA |
Upper Leaf | 12.89 ± 1.25 cE | 68.85 ± 3.25 cD | 97.13 ± 1.78 cC | 123.09 ± 2.14.0 cB | 134.22 ± 1.09 cA |
Upper Nutmeat | – | – | 72.19 ± 1.99 e | – | – |
Upper Husk | – | – | 11.79 ± 1.13 h | – | – |
Lower Twig | 24.79 ± 1.66 bE | 96.79 ± 2.06 bD | 112.97 ± 1.24 bC | 134.45 ± 2.67 bB | 157.43 ± 3.42 bA |
Lower Leaf | 31.46 ± 1.89 aE | 99.45 ± 2.69 aD | 129.26 ± 1.44 aC | 157.32 ± 2.34 aB | 171.29 ± 1.31 aA |
Lower Nutmeat | – | – | 84.02 ± 2.56 e | – | – |
Lower Husk | – | – | 56.40 ± 2.09 f | – | – |
Trunk Core | 1.25 ± 0.54 eC | 34.56 ± 2.13 eB | 45.05 ± 6.45 gA | 47.13 ± 5.39 eA | 49.56 ± 4.97 eA |
3.2. Concentration Levels of Dinotefuran in Walnut Tissue Types
3.3. Concentration Levels of Olefin-Imidacloprid in Walnut Husk and Walnut Nutmeat
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nix, K.; Lambdin, P.; Grant, J.; Coots, C.; Merten, P. Concentration Levels of Imidacloprid and Dinotefuran in Five Tissue Types of Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. Forests 2013, 4, 887-897. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040887
Nix K, Lambdin P, Grant J, Coots C, Merten P. Concentration Levels of Imidacloprid and Dinotefuran in Five Tissue Types of Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. Forests. 2013; 4(4):887-897. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040887
Chicago/Turabian StyleNix, Katheryne, Paris Lambdin, Jerome Grant, Carla Coots, and Paul Merten. 2013. "Concentration Levels of Imidacloprid and Dinotefuran in Five Tissue Types of Black Walnut, Juglans nigra" Forests 4, no. 4: 887-897. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040887