Use of Forest Residues for Building Forest Biomass Supply Chains: Technical and Economic Analysis of the Production Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Data
- ➢
- Regional Forest Map (RFM) in the vector format [31];
- ➢
- Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Basilicata region in the raster format where each pixel equals one hundred meters a side;
- ➢
- Map of protected areas (National and Regional Parks, Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in the vector format;
- ➢
- Map of the regional road system in the vector format;
- ➢
- Map indicating the location of regional industrial sites in the vector format.
2.2. Biomass Supply
Forest Types | High Forest | Coppice Forest |
---|---|---|
Beech forests | 3.4 | 3.5 |
Chestnut forests | 3.5 | 14.5 |
Mesophilic oak forests | 2.53 | 6 |
Mesophilic deciduous forests | 4.44 | 4.2 |
Holm oak forests | 2.5 | 2.2 |
Mountain pine forests | 5.54 | - |
Mediterranean pine forests | 6.5 | - |
Hygrophilous forests | 5 | 3.6 |
Wood plantations and reforestations | 2 | - |
Species | High Forest Residues | Coppice Forest Residues | Type of Biomass Harvesting |
---|---|---|---|
Beech forests | 8% | 25% | Forest residues |
Mesophilic oak forests | 15% | 20% | Forest residues |
Chestnut forests | 15% | 16% | Forest residues |
Mesophilic deciduous forests | 15% | 20% | Forest residues |
Hygrophilous forests | 100% | 100% | Total |
Holm oak forests | 25% | 32% | Forest residues |
Mountain pine forests | 100% | - | Total |
Mediterranean pine forests | 100% | - | Total |
Wood plantations and reforestations | 15% | - | Forest residues |
- The SCI and SPAs that require, for their nature and protection value, special management and/or improvement actions that go beyond ordinary sylviculture;
- The areas with a slope exceeding 40% that necessitate machines and wood hauling (cableways, harvesters, etc.) are mostly absent in the area under study. For this purpose two types of hauling commonly used by local logging companies were adopted: hauling by tractor and pulleys, and by basket and/or carriage.
2.3. Harvesting and Log Hauling Costs
Materials Hauled | Slope (%) | Wood Hauling Technique | Equation of Wood Hauling Cost (€/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
Wood-Coppice forest | 0–20 | Agricultural basket/trailer | 0.0486 × D * + 3.413 |
Wood-Coppice forest | 21–40 | Transport trawl | 0.0319 × D + 14.818 |
Wood-High forest | 0–20 | Agricultural basket or transport trawl | 0.0982 × D − 2.261 |
Wood-High forest | 21–40 | Transport trawl | 0.1136 × D + 2.577 |
Forest residues | 0–20 | Agricultural basket/trailer | 0.0019 × D + 6.609 |
Forest residues | 21–40 | Transport trawl | 0.0343 × D + 20.698 |
2.4. Siting of Processing Centers
2.5. Assessment of Transportation Costs
Road Speed (km/h) | Slope % | Final Speed (km/h) |
---|---|---|
80 | <10 | 80 |
80 | 10–25 | 70 |
80 | 25–50 | 60 |
80 | >50 | 50 |
70 | <10 | 70 |
70 | 10–25 | 60 |
70 | 25–50 | 50 |
70 | >50 | 40 |
50 | <10 | 50 |
50 | 10–25 | 45 |
50 | 25–50 | 40 |
50 | >50 | 30 |
- ➢
- Cost Distance Function: this incremental function calculates the travel time between two neighboring cells as the product of the linear distance between cell centroids and cell mean impedance. It has the location of the plant and the raster of travel velocity along the road graph as inputs, and it produces a raster of cumulative travel time along the road network in seconds (cumulative travel time) (Figure 5a).
- ➢
- Euclidean Allocation Function: this function instead enables to obtain a continuous surface of travel time values. It is used to extend the cost distance function into the forest areas adjoining the roads (Figure 5b).
2.6. Choice of the Conversion Technology and Plant Sizing
- ➢
- thermochemical processes;
- ➢
- biochemical processes.
Biomass Supply Basin | Available Fresh Woodchips | Available Fresh Woodchips | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
Total | <€50/t | t | |
Atella | 16,710.85 | 15,130.61 | −1580.24 |
Baragiano | 10,778.47 | 10,071.49 | −706.98 |
Ferrandina | 17,711.64 | 14,168.30 | −3543.33 |
Irsina | 18,774.10 | 15,424.36 | −3349.75 |
Matera | 5,589.70 | 3,777.51 | −1812.20 |
Melfi | 4,793.48 | 3,766.93 | −1026.55 |
Pisticci | 6,628.96 | 4,443.04 | −2185.92 |
Policoro | 6,512.80 | 4,701.06 | −1811.75 |
Satriano | 8,981.85 | 8,442.12 | −539.73 |
Senise | 45,417.95 | 38,760.07 | −6657.88 |
Tito | 21,985.47 | 19,918.72 | −2066.75 |
Viggiano | 61,636.66 | 55,075.86 | −6560.79 |
Biomass Supply Basin | Available Chips (<€50/t) | ORC Power Plant | Electric Energy | Thermal Energy |
---|---|---|---|---|
t (WC = 25%) | MW | MWhe–7920 h | MWht–4320 h | |
Atella | 11,347.96 | 5.30 | 7,557.74 | 17,405.70 |
Baragiano | 7553.62 | 3.53 | 5,030.71 | 11,585.87 |
Ferrandina | 10,626.23 | 4.96 | 7,077.07 | 16,298.70 |
Irsina | 11,568.27 | 5.40 | 7,704.47 | 17,743.62 |
Matera | 2,833.13 | 1.32 | 1,886.86 | 4,345.50 |
Melfi | 2,825.20 | 1.32 | 1,881.58 | 4,333.34 |
Pisticci | 3,332.28 | 1.56 | 2,219.30 | 5,111.11 |
Policoro | 3,525.79 | 1.65 | 2,348.18 | 5,407.92 |
Satriano | 6,331.59 | 2.96 | 4,216.84 | 9,711.51 |
Senise | 29,070.05 | 13.58 | 19,360.65 | 44,588.17 |
Tito | 14,939.04 | 6.98 | 9,949.40 | 22,913.77 |
Viggiano | 41,306.90 | 19.30 | 27,510.39 | 63,357.27 |
3. Results and Discussion
Plant Cost €/KWe | Annual Running Cost €/KWe | District Heating Network Cost [70] €/m | Selling Price of Electricity €/MWhe | Selling Price of Heat Energy €/MWht |
---|---|---|---|---|
4500 | 220 | 190 | 60.37 | 60 |
Biomass Supply Basins | Total Cost M€ | Income from Energy Sales M€ | NPV M€ | IRR % | PbP Years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atella | 4.58 | 1.50 | 2.02 | 16.87 | 8.6 |
Baragiano | 3.14 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 15.55 | 8.8 |
Ferrandina | 4.31 | 1.41 | 1.87 | 15.84 | 8.6 |
Irsina | 4.66 | 1.53 | 2.06 | 16.92 | 8.6 |
Matera | 1.36 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 10.68 | 10.2 |
Melfi | 1.35 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 10.66 | 10.2 |
Pisticci | 1.55 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 11.66 | 9.9 |
Policoro | 1.62 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 11.98 | 9.8 |
Satriano | 2.68 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 14.86 | 9.0 |
Senise | 11.29 | 3.84 | 5.59 | 18.71 | 8.2 |
Tito | 5.94 | 1.98 | 2.74 | 17.56 | 8.4 |
Viggiano | 15.92 | 5.46 | 8.05 | 19.10 | 8.2 |
4. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Cozzi, M.; Di Napoli, F.; Viccaro, M.; Romano, S. Use of Forest Residues for Building Forest Biomass Supply Chains: Technical and Economic Analysis of the Production Process. Forests 2013, 4, 1121-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4041121
Cozzi M, Di Napoli F, Viccaro M, Romano S. Use of Forest Residues for Building Forest Biomass Supply Chains: Technical and Economic Analysis of the Production Process. Forests. 2013; 4(4):1121-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4041121
Chicago/Turabian StyleCozzi, Mario, Francesco Di Napoli, Mauro Viccaro, and Severino Romano. 2013. "Use of Forest Residues for Building Forest Biomass Supply Chains: Technical and Economic Analysis of the Production Process" Forests 4, no. 4: 1121-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4041121