Evaluating the Legacy Effects of the Historical Predatory Seed Harvesting on the Species Composition and Structure of the Mixed Korean Pine and Broadleaf Forest from a Landscape Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Forest Landscape Model and Parameterization
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Change in the Age Structure of Korean Pine
3.2. Change in Species Composition
3.3. Change in Succession Trajectory
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | MT | LG | ST | MD | MDBH | MSDI | NPGS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis | 40 | 300 | 4 | 150 | 110 | 550 | 20 |
Korean spruce, Picea koraiensis and Picea jezoensis | 30 | 300 | 4 | 150 | 90 | 600 | 20 |
Khingan fir, Abies nephrolepis | 30 | 300 | 4 | 150 | 85 | 650 | 20 |
Larch, Larix gmelinii | 20 | 300 | 2 | 300 | 95 | 650 | 30 |
Manchurian ash, Fraxinus mandschurica | 30 | 250 | 3 | 300 | 100 | 600 | 25 |
Manchurian walnut, Juglans mandshurica | 20 | 250 | 2 | 200 | 90 | 650 | 25 |
Amur corktree, Phellodendron amurense | 20 | 250 | 3 | 300 | 95 | 650 | 25 |
Mongolian oak, Quercus mongolica | 20 | 300 | 2 | 200 | 95 | 600 | 20 |
Black elm, Ulmus davidiana | 20 | 250 | 3 | 800 | 90 | 600 | 25 |
Mono maple, Acer mono | 20 | 200 | 3 | 200 | 60 | 700 | 25 |
Ribbed birch, Betula costata | 20 | 250 | 3 | 800 | 90 | 650 | 25 |
Dahur Birch, Betula dahurica | 15 | 150 | 2 | 800 | 50 | 750 | 25 |
Amur linden, Tilia amurensis | 30 | 300 | 3 | 200 | 85 | 650 | 20 |
White birch, Betula platyphylla | 15 | 150 | 1 | 2000 | 50 | 800 | 30 |
Poplar, Populus davidiana | 15 | 150 | 1 | 2000 | 60 | 800 | 30 |
Scenarios | Removal Method | Percent Area for Background Harvesting | Percent Area for Historical Predatory Seed Harvesting |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline harvest (BH) | Thinning from below | 5% | — |
Predatory harvest (PH) | Thinning from below | 5% | 80% |
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Liu, K.; He, H.S.; Sun, H.; Wang, J. Evaluating the Legacy Effects of the Historical Predatory Seed Harvesting on the Species Composition and Structure of the Mixed Korean Pine and Broadleaf Forest from a Landscape Perspective. Forests 2023, 14, 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020402
Liu K, He HS, Sun H, Wang J. Evaluating the Legacy Effects of the Historical Predatory Seed Harvesting on the Species Composition and Structure of the Mixed Korean Pine and Broadleaf Forest from a Landscape Perspective. Forests. 2023; 14(2):402. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020402
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Kai, Hong S. He, Hang Sun, and Jingfeng Wang. 2023. "Evaluating the Legacy Effects of the Historical Predatory Seed Harvesting on the Species Composition and Structure of the Mixed Korean Pine and Broadleaf Forest from a Landscape Perspective" Forests 14, no. 2: 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020402
APA StyleLiu, K., He, H. S., Sun, H., & Wang, J. (2023). Evaluating the Legacy Effects of the Historical Predatory Seed Harvesting on the Species Composition and Structure of the Mixed Korean Pine and Broadleaf Forest from a Landscape Perspective. Forests, 14(2), 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020402