Habitat Associations of Overwintering Bats in Managed Pine Forest Landscapes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area and Site Selection
2.2. Acoustic Detector Deployment and Monitoring
2.3. Acoustic Analysis
2.4. Microhabitat Assessment
2.5. Landscape Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Principal Components Analysis
3.2. Habitat Association
4. Discussion
4.1. Species-Specific Habitat Use
4.1.1. Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus)
4.1.2. Eastern Red/Seminole Bat (Lasiurus borealis/seminolus)
4.1.3. Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus)
4.1.4. Southeastern Myotis (Myotis austroriparius)
4.1.5. Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis)
4.1.6. Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus)
4.1.7. Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)
4.2. Expanations for a Lack of Associations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microhabitat | H-PC1 | H-PC2 | H-PC3 | Landscape | L450-PC1 | L450-PC2 | L1000-PC1 | L1000-PC2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stand Age (Years) | 0.36 | −0.22 | <0.01 | Landcover Diversity | −0.40 | −0.29 | −0.34 | −0.30 |
% Canopy Clutter | 0.27 | 0.11 | −0.18 | Total Edge (m) | −0.38 | −0.04 | −0.35 | −0.02 |
% Understory Clutter | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.43 | Total Forest Edge (m) | −0.38 | 0.21 | −0.40 | −0.04 |
# Trees | 0.29 | 0.42 | −0.12 | Total Core Area (m2) | 0.42 | −0.01 | 0.38 | 0.10 |
Mean DBH (cm) | −0.04 | −0.45 | −0.33 | Total Contagion | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.41 | 0.08 |
Mean Tree Height (m) | 0.11 | −0.38 | −0.33 | % Open Water | 0.09 | −0.12 | 0.02 | −0.17 |
# Conifers | −0.22 | 0.39 | −0.30 | % Developed, Open Space | −0.11 | 0.27 | −0.12 | 0.08 |
# Hardwoods | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.15 | % Developed, Low Intensity | −0.23 | 0.22 | −0.18 | 0.07 |
# Overstory Trees | 0.01 | 0.47 | −0.35 | % Developed, Moderate Intensity | −0.08 | 0.26 | −0.18 | 0.31 |
# Understory Trees | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.22 | % Developed, High Intensity | −0.16 | 0.06 | −0.11 | 0.19 |
# Snags | 0.34 | 0.02 | −0.05 | % Barren Land | −0.05 | 0.16 | −0.10 | 0.24 |
% Snags | 0.31 | −0.02 | −0.05 | % Deciduous Forest | −0.13 | −0.16 | −0.02 | −0.17 |
Distance to Water (m) | −0.28 | −0.10 | −0.08 | % Coniferous Forest | 0.09 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.52 |
Distance to Road (m) | −0.11 | 0.01 | 0.43 | % Mixed Forest | −0.07 | −0.02 | −0.11 | 0.17 |
Elevation (m) | −0.12 | 0.13 | 0.26 | % Shrub/Scrub | −0.27 | −0.04 | −0.25 | −0.26 |
% Hay/Pasture | NA | NA | 0.02 | −0.03 | ||||
% Herbaceous | −0.25 | −0.03 | −0.29 | 0.13 | ||||
% Woody Wetlands | 0.12 | −0.50 | 0.17 | −0.44 | ||||
% Emergent Wetlands | −0.13 | −0.22 | −0.05 | −0.25 | ||||
Proportion of Variance | 0.304 | 0.178 | 0.152 | 0.223 | 0.139 | 0.245 | 0.141 |
Species | # of Detector Nights Present | Temperature Cutoff (°C) | # of Detector Nights Present Above Threshold | % Detected Nights Discarded |
---|---|---|---|---|
All Species | 937 | 11.5 | 657 | 29.9% |
Big brown bat | 182 | 15.5 | 145 | 20.3% |
Eastern red/Seminole bat | 609 | 12 | 517 | 15.1% |
Hoary bat | 134 | 10 | 128 | 5.2% |
Southeastern myotis | 389 | 7 | 364 | 6.4% |
Evening bat | 102 | 9.5 | 96 | 5.9% |
Tricolored bat | 256 | 14.0 | 221 | 13.7% |
Brazilian free-tailed bat | 158 | 8.5 | 153 | 3.2% |
Species | Number of Passes | Number of Sites Detected | Percentage of Sites Detected | Mean Number of Bat Passes per Site per Night (±SE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
All Bats | 36,724 | 72 | 100% | 24.0 ± 3.6 |
Rafinesque’s big-eared bat * | 12 | 8 | 11.1% | 0.008 ± 0.003 |
Big brown bat | 2711 | 50 | 69.4% | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
Eastern red/Seminole bat | 6129 | 72 | 100% | 3.85 ± 0.4 |
Hoary bat | 608 | 34 | 47.2% | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
Northern yellow bat * | 119 | 6 | 8.3% | 0.03 ± 0.02 |
Silver-haired bat * | 52 | 15 | 20.8% | 0.07 ± 0.03 |
Southeastern myotis | 1900 | 64 | 88.9% | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
Northern long-eared bat * | 101 | 34 | 47.2% | 0.07 ± 0.02 |
Evening bat | 344 | 37 | 51.3% | 0.22 ± 0.06 |
Tricolored bat | 1725 | 56 | 77.8% | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
Brazilian free-tailed bat | 340 | 50 | 69.4% | 0.2 ± 0.04 |
Species | Model Sig. | Sunset Temp | H-PC1 | H-PC2 | H-PC3 | L1000-PC1 | L1000-PC2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Species | p < 0.0001 | 0.25 (p < 0.0001) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.60 (p = 0.04) |
Big brown bat | p < 0.0001 | 0.06 (p = 0.002) | n.s. | n.s. | −1.45 (p = 0.003) | n.s. | −2.06 (p = 0.004) |
Eastern red/Seminole bats | p < 0.0001 | 0.02 (p = 0.008) | n.s. | n.s. | 1.25 (p = 0.001) | n.s. | n.s. |
Hoary bat | p = 0.04 | 0.003 (p = 0.001) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Southeastern myotis | p = 0.18 | ||||||
Evening bat | p < 0.001 | 0.003 (p = 0.0002) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | −0.13 (p = 0.03) | 0.18 (p = 0.01) |
Tricolored bat | p < 0.0001 | 0.03 (p < 0.0001) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Brazilian free-tailed bat | p < 0.0001 | 0.004 (p < 0.0001) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.10 (p = 0.01) |
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Andersen, B.R.; McGuire, L.P.; Wigley, T.B.; Miller, D.A.; Stevens, R.D. Habitat Associations of Overwintering Bats in Managed Pine Forest Landscapes. Forests 2022, 13, 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050803
Andersen BR, McGuire LP, Wigley TB, Miller DA, Stevens RD. Habitat Associations of Overwintering Bats in Managed Pine Forest Landscapes. Forests. 2022; 13(5):803. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050803
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndersen, Brett R., Liam P. McGuire, Thomas Bently Wigley, Darren A. Miller, and Richard D. Stevens. 2022. "Habitat Associations of Overwintering Bats in Managed Pine Forest Landscapes" Forests 13, no. 5: 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050803