Next Article in Journal
Enhanced Root and Stem Growth and Physiological Changes in Pinus bungeana Zucc. Seedlings by Microbial Inoculant Application
Next Article in Special Issue
Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing and Identification of Hsf Genes in Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook
Previous Article in Journal
Effects of Tree Species on Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau) Fine Root Morphology, Biomass, and Soil Properties in Bamboo–Broadleaf Mixed Forests
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Forests
Volume 13
Issue 11
10.3390/f13111835
forests-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

OSCA Genes in Liriodendron chinense: Characterization, Evolution and Response to Abiotic Stress

by
Yongchao Ke
1,†,
Mingyue Xu
1,†,
Delight Hwarari
1,
Baseer Ahmad
1,
Rongxue Li
1,
Yuanlin Guan
1,
Jinhui Chen
2,* and
Liming Yang
1,*
1
College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
2
Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Forests 2022, 13(11), 1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111835
Submission received: 25 September 2022 / Revised: 28 October 2022 / Accepted: 31 October 2022 / Published: 3 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest-Tree Comparative Genomics and Adaptive Evolution)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channels (OSCA) play an imperative role in the plant response to environmental stresses. Moreover, their characteristics in the ornamental woody plant Liriodendron chinense, widely dispersed in the southern region of China, is yet to be elucidated. In the present study, 399 OSCA proteins were identified from 31 plant genomes, and comparative phylogenetic analysis revealed that LchiOSCAs gene family is closely related to the Magnolia Cinnamomum kanehirae OSCAs. In L. chinense, 11 LchiOSCA genes were identified and distributed across eight chromosomes. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of LchiOSCAs exhibited a classification into four subfamilies based on the tree arrangement, similarity in the gene structures, and conserved motif numbers and order. Gene duplication investigations were biased towards the tandem duplication events, accounting for 36% (4/11) of the LchiOSCA gene family. The interspecies collinearity analysis revealed a closer relationship between the L. chinense OSCAs and the P. trichocarpa OSCAs. Analysis in promoter regions of the LchiOSCAs showed the presence of multiple phytohormones and stress responsive elements. Specifically, the ABA-responsive elements had the greatest representation. 3D protein structures of the modeled L. chinense OSCAs exhibited a high homology with the template structures, providing a better understanding of LchiOSCAs’ functionality at the proteome level. The expression pattern analysis of LchiOSCAs based on the transcriptome data and qRT-PCR in L. chinense leaves showed differential responses to drought, cold, and heat stress at varying degrees. Specifically, LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 were highly expressed under the three abiotic stresses. This research will provide valuable resources and further the understanding of plant OSCA genes in L. chinense for agronomic breeding and bio-engineering purposes.

1. Introduction

The external environmental stresses including drought, high, and low temperatures affect plant growth and the developmental processes [1,2]. In recent years, due to global warming, extreme weather conditions have occurred more frequently, thus increasing the abiotic stress impact on plants. Nonetheless, plants have evolved a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to adapt to and resist abiotic stresses, in order to maintain the normal physiological metabolism processes of plants [2,3]. Plants use numerous signaling pathways to sense, modify, and send signals in response to stress, as well as to activate or inhibit the expression of genes that respond to stress. External stresses usually disrupt the equilibrium of plants and ultimately interrupt the cell membrane system [4]. As secondary messengers, calcium can produce calcium signals when plants are exposed to external stimuli, which guide a series of physiological and biochemical reactions of plant cells under stress [5]. Calcium channels mainly include calcium transporters and calcium pumps [6]. With further developments in research, many kinds of calcium channels have been found.
Among the numerous calcium channels, a special type of channel, the hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel (OSCA), was the first calcium channel found in plants that can sense external osmotic stress [7]. All the OSCA genes of Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) have the domain of an unknown function 221 (DUF221 domain) related to the plant stress response. The three-dimensional structure analysis of the proteins of the OSCA family members OSCA1.1, OSCA1.2, and OSCA3.1 by cryogenic electron microscopy showed that these channels have a high structural similarity and belong to a new class of mechanosensitive ion channels [8,9,10]. Advances in the whole genome sequencing of plants has led to the identification of: 15, 11, 13, and 17 OSCA gene family members in A. thaliana [7], Oryza sativa (O. sativa) [11], Vigna radiata (V. radiata) [12], and Populus trichocarpa (P. trichocarpa) [13], showing that the OSCA gene family is ubiquitous in plants. Studies have shown that the OSCA gene family plays an important role in coping with adverse environmental conditions [7,11,12,13]. The overexpression of ZmOSCA2.4 in A. thaliana significantly enhanced the drought resistance and reduced the expression of aging-related genes [14]. In tomato (Solanum habrochaites), all SIOSCAs respond to drought, and they respond to low temperature through the ABA signaling pathway [15]. GmOSCA3.2, expressed in soybean (Glycine max Merrill), showed an increased flower, leaf, and root growth under drought stress. Additionally, the GmOSCA3.1 has also been up-regulated under alkali stress [16]. However, the OSCA gene family has not yet been identified and analyzed in L. chinense. (Hemsl.). Sarg., a member of the Magnoliaceae family of plants, is primarily distributed in the hilly regions of south China to the south of the Yangtze River. It is a significant species of premium timber and gardens attractive trees, yet the geographical distribution is affected by the climate factor, including the temperature and precipitation [17]. The completion of the whole genome sequencing of L. chinense provides an opportunity to analyze the L. chinense gene family [18]. To our knowledge, the function of L. chinense OSCAs has not been reported yet, thus rendering an incomplete understanding of the mechanism by which L. chinense responds to external stress signals. In this study, there were 11 members in the OSCA gene family of L. chinense which were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes. We examined LchiOSCAs’ physicochemical characteristics, transmembrane sections, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structure, cis-acting elements, and predicted their 3D structures. By using transcriptome (RNA-seq) analysis and qRT-PCR analysis, we also examined the LchiOSCAs expression patterns under abiotic stresses. Our findings will contribute to the functional analyses of LchiOSCAs and provide a knowledge base for future research.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Identification and Sequence Analysis of OSCA Genes in L. chinense

In order to study the evolutionary relationship of the OSCA gene family from lower plants to higher plants, 30 plant species protein sequences including: algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Volvox carteri), mosses (Marchantia polymorpha and Physcomitrella patens), ferns (Selaginella moellendorffii), Gymnosperms (Cycas panzhihuaensis), basal angiosperms (Nymphaea colorata and Amborella trichopoda), dicotyledons (Arabidopsis thaliana, Capsella grandiflora, Capsella rubella, Daucus carota, Cucurbita moschata, Camellia sinensis, Vitis vinifera, Salix purpurea, Populus trichocarpa, Gossypium hirsutum (G. hirsutum), Glycine max, Theobroma cacao, Malus domestica and Eucalyptus grandis), Magnolia (Cinnamomum kanehirae), and monocotyledons (Spirodela polyrrhiza, Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa, Zea mays (Z. mays), Sorghum bicolor, Panicum hallii and Setaria italica) were download from the Phytozome (https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/, accessed on 10 September 2022) and NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 10 September 2022). The L. chinense protein sequences were downloaded from the genome database (https://hardwoodgenomics.org/Genome-assembly/2630420, accessed on 1 July 2022). The OSCA gene superfamily members of these plant species were identified by BLASTP using 15 A. thaliana OSCA protein sequences downloaded from the TAIR database (https://www.arabidopsis.org, accessed on 1 July 2022); with parameters: >30%, and E-value < 1 × 10−20 and/or E-value < 1 × 10−5. The Hidden Markov Model of the DUF221 domain (PFAM accession number: 02714; http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 1 July 2022) was used to verify the candidate OSCA members identified. In the L. chinense OSCA family and obtained at both parameters (>30%, and E-value < 1 × 10−20 and/or E-value < 1 × 10−5) were further screened to remove the redundant sequences, and the OSCA gene domain was determined using the NCBI-CDD (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi, accessed on 1 July 2022), SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/, accessed on 1 July 2022), and Pfam databases [19,20].
To analyze the sequence characteristics of the protein, such as the amino acid length (AA length), molecular weight (MW), and the theoretical isoelectric point (PI), we used the ExPASY tool (https://web.expasy.org, accessed on 1 July 2022). The subcellular localization of plant proteins was predicted using WoLFPSORT (https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp/, accessed on 1 July 2022) and Plant-mPLoc (http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/plant-multi/, accessed on 1 July 2022). The identified LchiOSCA genes were renamed according to their chromosomal positions.

2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis and Sequence Alignment

To explore the evolutionary relationship of all 31 species, we used the OrthoFinder software (v2.5.4) using full length protein sequences, and the MSA gene tree inference and DIAMOND software (v0.9.25) were used for a quick BLAST. Multiple sequence alignments were constructed using the MAFFT, and the IQ-TREE was utilized to construct the maximum likelihood species tree inference [21]. To gain an insight into the evolutionary relationship of the OSCA gene superfamily, the Arabidopsis AtOSCAs (A. thaliana), rice OsOSCAs (O. sativa), and Populus PtOSCAs (P. trichocarpa) information was extracted from previous publications [7,11,13]. Jalview software (https://www.jalview.org/, accessed on 15 July 2022) was utilized for the protein multiple sequence alignments while the MEGA-X software with a bootstrap value set at 1000 [22], was used to construct the phylogenetic evolutionary tree (neighbor-joining). Additionally, the EvolView online tool was used to beautify the phylogenetic tree (https://evolgenius.info/, accessed on 15 July 2022) [23]. The TMHMM server v2.0 website (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/, accessed on 15 July 2022) was used to predict the transmembrane regions in the conserved regions of the DUF221 [24].

2.3. Gene Structure and Protein Conserved Motif Analysis

The gene structure and conserved motif arrangement knowledge provides a base for the biochemical function prediction, to have an insight into the gene structure and conserved motif arrangements. The MEME tool (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme, accessed on 15 July 2022) was used, with a parameter set at 10 (total number of motifs) and other as the default. The gene structure of the LchiOSCA genes were generated by the Tbtools using the GFF3 files and protein sequences of the L. chinense genome [25,26].

2.4. Chromosomal Location and Collinearity Analysis of LchiOSCA Genes

Information on the chromosomal location of the OSCA genes was obtained according to the genome annotation file of the L. chinense genomic data and annotation. The files of A. thaliana, O. sativa, and P. trichocarpa were downloaded from the Ensembl plant’s database (http://plants.ensembl.org/index.html, accessed on 1 July 2022). Tandem duplication refers to the localization of two or more members of a family within the same chromosome and in neighboring intergenic regions [27]. Gene pairs between L. chinense and A. thaliana, O. sativa, and P. trichocarpa were aligned and analyzed using the MCScanX function in Tbtools. The collinearity and chromosomal localization were plotted using the circos function in the Tbtools software. The synonymous substitution rate (Ks) and nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) were calculated for gene pairs using the “Simple Ka/Ks calculator” tool in TBtools [26].

2.5. Analysis of Cis-Acting Elements in the Promoter of LchiOSCA Genes

The sequences of 2000 bp upstream of the coding sequence (CDS) of the OSCA genes were extracted from the L. chinense genome, and the obtained data were uploaded on the PlantCARE website (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 15 July 2022). The Tbtools software was used to graphically present the hormone and abiotic stress-related cis-acting elements in the promoter [25].

2.6. Three-Dimensional (3D) Structure Prediction of LchiOSCAs

The protein structure governs the specific function of a protein in any organism, and many protein functions rely on a proper folding and conformation. Homology modeling based on the analytical structure of the homologous proteins can be used to predict the 3D structural modeling of the LchiOSCA proteins. First, we used the SWISS-MODEL website (https://swissmodel.expasy.org, accessed on 15 July 2022) to predict the 3D structure of LchiOSCAs, and then we visualized it using the Chimera software (v1.16) (http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/index.html, accessed on 15 July 2022) [28].

2.7. Expression Analysis of LchiOSCA Genes

The seedlings of L. Chinense were grown in a greenhouse for two weeks (16 h of daylight followed by 8 h of darkness, 22–25 °C, and 70% relative humidity). To simulate cold, heat, or drought stress, the plants were placed at 4 °C or 40 °C or 15% PEG6000 for 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 3 days, respectively, referred to in the previous reports by Li et al. [29]. A homologous comparison and qRT-PCR primer design for the selected sequences were conducted using the Jalview software (v2.11.2.5) and the Primer3plus online website (https://www.primer3plus.com, accessed on 15 July 2022). Using 18 s rRNA as the internal reference (Supplementary Table S1), the significance analysis (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01) was performed using Student’s t-test in SPSS software (v26.0), and graphs of the data were constructed using GraphPad Prism (v9.0.0).

3. Results

3.1. Identification of OSCA Genes in 31 Plant Species

After eliminating the redundant and incomplete sequences, 399 OSCA proteins were identified in 31 plant species (Figure 1 and Table S2). Out of all of the species investigated, G. hirsutum had the greatest number of OSCA genes (37), a number nine-fold greater than that which was observed in M. polymorpha (4). The remaining 29 plant species contained 5 to 22 OSCA genes. We found many OSCA candidates in angiosperms and relatively few OSCA candidates in lower plants. Among the higher plants, G. hirsutum as an allotetraploid had the highest number of proteins, while other higher plant species had 8–22 proteins.
In addition, we used OrthoFinder (v2.5.4) to explore the OSCA evolution status of all 31 plants, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the OSCA evolution status of L. chinense was closer to that of C. kanehirae. The evolutionary status of both plants is higher than that of algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and basal angiosperms, but it is lower than the higher angiosperms (Figure 1).

3.2. Sequence Characterization of OSCA Family Members of L. chinense

The identified 11 L. chinense OSCA genes were renamed as LchiOSCA1 to LchiOSCA11 (Table 1), based on their choromosomal localizations. The LchiOSCAs were unevenly located on 8 of the 19 chromosomes. The physiochemical property analysis showed that the amino acid length of the OSCA proteins in L. chinense ranged from 389 (LchiOSCA5) to 769 (LchiOSCA3), with an average of 599. The molecular weight (MW) ranged from 43.79 (LchiOSCA5) to 88.24 kDa (LchiOSCA3) and the isoelectric points (pI) values ranged from 8.62 (LchiOSCA6) to 9.54 (LchiOSCA1). The protein hydrophilicity analysis showed that all the LchiOSCAs were hydrophobic proteins with a hydrophilicity index greater than 0. The subcellular localization analysis showed that all LchiOSCAs were located on the plasma membrane (Table 1).

3.3. Conserved Domain and Transmembrane Domain Analysis of LchiOSCAs

The TMHMM online program was used to estimate the transmembrane domains of the L. chinense OSCA proteins. We found that each L. chinense OSCA had a large number of transmembrane domains (5–10). The transmembrane domains were mostly distributed at both ends of the protein, with 2–3 at the N-terminus and 6–7 at the C-terminus. The LchiOSCAs proteins contained more than eight transmembrane domains, except LchiOSCA5, −6, −8, and −10 (Figure 2 and Figure S1), suggesting a deletion event in these four proteins. Taken together, the presence of transmembrane domains also implies that these proteins should be localized in the membrane system.

3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis and Classification of L. chinense OSCA Gene Family

To understand the functional characteristics and evolutionary relationship of the OSCA gene family in L. chinense, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the full-length sequences of the OSCA proteins in L. chinense (11), A. thaliana (15), O. sativa (11), and P. trichocarpa (17). Based on the phylogenetic tree, the OSCA proteins can be divided into four subgroups (Clade 1–4) (Figure 3). The results showed that the LchiOSCAs were unevenly distributed in the four subfamilies, among which the Clade 2 subfamily had the largest number of the LchiOSCA proteins, and Clade 4 had only one member (LchiOSCA5) (Supplementary Table S3), suggesting that this gene has been preserved in the process of evolution and is conserved in dissimilar species, and that it plays vital roles in plants.

3.5. Analysis of OSCA Gene Structure and Conserved Domain in L. chinense

Understanding the gene evolution provides a base for understanding the gene structure and the conserved motifs. The gene structure investigations showed that the LchiOSCA gene family members in the same phylogenetic group had similar gene arrangements. The LchiOSCA gene intron counts ranged from 1 to 11 (Figure 4C). Specifically, the Clade 1 subfamily members had an average number of 10 introns, the Clade 2 subfamily members had 9, the Clade 3 subfamily members had 5, and the Clade 4 subfamily members had only 1 intron. We speculated that the LchiOSCA5 had only one intron due to the short length of the gene, and consequently we concluded that LchiOSCA5 may have lost some functions in the process of evolution (Figure 4A,C).
The MEME software predicted 10 motifs in the L. chinense OSCA genes (Figure 4B and Figure S2). Motif 3 was present in all the LchiOSCA proteins, indicating that the Motif 3 is relatively highly conserved. Motif 9 was absent in LchiOSCA2, LchiOSCA5, and LchiOSCA10 (Supplementary Table S4). We also noted that the L. chinense OSCA genes grouped together had a similar Motif number and arrangements. For instance, Clade 1 had a similar Motif number and arrangement. Thus, we concluded that the L. chinense OSCA genes may have similar functions. In general, we showed that the higher the gene homology, the stronger the motif similarity arrangement.

3.6. Gene Duplication and Divergence of LchiOSCA Genes

According to the location information of the OSCA genes in L. chinense, we found that 11 genes were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes. There are two members distributed on chromosomes 1, 3, and 7, and only one member was present on the remaining five chromosomes. As shown in Figure 5, two tandem duplication events were detected between the 11 OSCA genes, accounting for 36% (4/11) of the OSCA gene families. Gene pairs included LchiOSCA1/LchiOSCA2 (which belonged to Clade 3) and LchiOSCA3/LchiOSCA4 (which belonged to Clade 1). However, we did not detect segmental duplications of the LchiOSCA genes.
To gain a further insight into whether the LchiOSCA family genes have been subject to natural selection pressure during evolution and to trace their time of replication, the Ka, Ks, and Ka/Ks ratios were calculated for the duplicated genes in L. chinense (Supplementary Table S5). The Ka/Ks ratios for the two LchiOSCA tandem duplication gene pairs were 0.347 and 0.333, with an average of 0.34.

3.7. Synteny Analysis of LchiOSCA Genes among L. chinense, A. thaliana, O. sativa and P. trichocarpa

To gain a further insight into the phylogenetic mechanism of the LchiOSCA gene family, comparative synteny maps were conducted among two dicots (A. thaliana and P. trichocarpa) and one monocot (O. sativa) (Figure 6). The results revealed that L. chinense and P. trichocarpa had five pairs of collinear genes, and two pairs of collinear members were present in both A. thaliana and O. sativa. The results presented that most L. chinense OSCA homologs were present in P. trichocarpa, followed by A. thaliana and O. sativa. The analysis of the evolutionary selective pressures on these collinear members revealed Ka/Ks ratios of less than one (Supplementary Table S6), indicating that they have all been subjected to a purifying selection during evolution. Furthermore, we found that LchiOSCA8 and LchiOSCA11 had collinear gene pairs in three species: A. thaliana, O. sativa, and P. trichocarpa, and the results showed that these two genes remained stable in different species throughout their long evolution.

3.8. Analysis of Cis-Acting Elements in the Promoter Region of OSCA Genes in L. chinense

Cis-acting elements in the promoter regions play significant roles in regulating the gene expression. The cis-acting elements related to the plant hormone response and abiotic stress were analyzed in the LchiOSCAs promoter region and predicted 136 cis-acting elements (Supplementary Table S7). Among them, LchiOSCA5 had the most cis-acting elements related to the hormone regulation and stress factors (19), and LchiOSCA6 had the least amount of cis-acting elements (5) (Figure 7C). According to the statistical results, the ABRE elements were more prevalent, and not present in LchiOSCA10. LchiOSCA7, LchiOSCA8, and LchiOSCA5 had more MeJA response elements, and the LTR were specifically distributed in LchiOSCA1, −3, −4, −5, and −7. In addition, we found that the cis-acting elements of different gene promoters were very different. Even in the same subfamily, there were obvious differences, especially in the salicylic acid response elements and low temperature response elements. For instance, only one member of the second subfamily of LchiOSCAs had low temperature response elements, while two members lack the salicylic acid response elements. The drought response elements and abscisic acid response elements were found only in LchiOSCA1, −2, −9, and −11, suggesting that these conditions may be intimately connected (Figure 7B,C and Supplementary Table S7).

3.9. Prediction of the Three-Dimensional (3D) Structures of LchiOSCAs

To have a deeper understanding of the possible mechanism of action of the OSCA proteins in L. chinense, we performed a homology modeling of all the OSCA proteins (Figure 8). The results showed that the GMQE scores of all the models ranged from 0.48 to 0.7, with a high confidence (Supplementary Table S8). The same PDB hit indicated that their 3D structures were similar. LchiOSCA1–2, −5, and −11 (5z1f.1.A, CSC1-like protein ERD4) and LchiOSCA3–4, and 6–10 (6ijz.1.A, calcium-permeable stress-gated cation channel 1) presented the same PDB, indicating that there were some similarities in their 3D structures. The 3D structural models of these proteins provide a foundation to understand their biological functions.

3.10. Differently Responsive Patterns of LchiOSCAs to Abiotic Stress

In order to understand the abiotic stress response characteristics of the LchiOSCA gene family, the expression pattern of the LchiOSCA genes was analyzed at seven time points (1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 3 days) under drought, cold, and heat stress treatments. The TPM values of the genes under the three abiotic stresses are shown in Supplementary Table S9.
As shown in Figure 9A, the expression levels of the LchiOSCA2, LchiOSCA4, and LchiOSCA8 genes were significantly induced after the drought stress. The expression levels of the LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 genes reached the highest expression after 1 day of drought stress. In addition, the LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 were highly expressed during all time points. These results may indicate that LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 mainly promote the response of L. chinense to the drought stress. Under cold stress, the gene expression of LchiOSCA2, LchiOSCA4, and LchiOSCA9 were significantly increased, among which the expression of LchiOSCA2 was the highest, followed by LchiOSCA4. Most of the genes were expressed at the highest levels at the 1 day and 3 days time points, indicating that 1 day and 3 days might be important response time points under the cold stress treatment conditions. LchiOSCA1, −2, −3, −4, and −6 were highly expressed to various degrees under heat stress conditions. LchiOSCA2, −4, and −9 showed the highest expression at 3 days, and LchiOSCA6, −7, and −11 showed a low expression at almost all time points, and we concluded that LchiOSCA1, −2, −3, −4, and −9 may be the main responsive genes to high temperature stress (Figure 9B,C).
In order to verify the reliability of the transcriptome sequencing results, we used qRT-PCR to detect the gene expression of LchiOSCA genes under drought, cold, and heat stress treatments. The results showed that most of the LchiOSCA genes were up-regulated at different time points and at different levels under the drought treatment, but LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 particularly were significantly up-regulated at 6 h (Supplementary Figure S3). In the cold treatment, the expression of LchiOSCA2 increased gradually until its peak expression at 6 h. In addition, LchiOSCA4 and LchiOSCA9 reached their highest levels at 3 days of cold stress treatment. Under heat stress, LchiOSCA3-4 and 9 showed an expression peak point at 3 days, respectively.
Taken together, both LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 showed high expression levels under a low temperature, high temperature, and drought stress, and they were speculated to play a major role in the regulation of L. chinense stress responses.

4. Discussion

Plants have evolved complex signal transductions and stress resistance mechanisms to survive the harsh weather conditions of the external environmental [2,4]. The OSCA genes induce the increase in the Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm during hyperosmotic stress, which is an essential response mechanism of plants to drought and salt-induced osmotic stress [7,12,15]. The OSCA gene family members in plants that carry the DUF221 domain have been identified in plants such as: A. thaliana [7], O. sativa [11], Z. mays [30], V. radiata [12], and P. trichocarpa [13]. This experiment identified a total of 11 LchiOSCA gene family members, all containing a DUF221 domain and showing some response to adversity stress, based on the whole genome sequencing data of L. chinense. Multiple transmembrane domains have been found in LchiOSCA proteins carrying the DUF221 domain that contains 6–7 transmembrane domains, as previously reported (Figure 2, Table 1) [11,30]. Compared with most of the monocotyledons, the LchiOSCA gene number is less. This may be related to its evolutionary status and the fact that the L. chinense is relatively close to the basal angiosperms, as compared to the higher angiosperms (Figure 1).
The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the LchiOSCA family can be divided into four groups, which is consistent with previous studies on A. thaliana, O. sativa, Z. mays, G. hirsutum, and P. trichocarpa, and also indicates that the conservation of these sequences is consistent to other studies (Figure 3) [7,11,12,30,31]. A further analysis exhibited that the species closest to the OSCA family of L. chinense was P. trichocarpa, followed by O. sativa, and A. thaliana was the furthest. Gene replication is an important mechanism of genome evolution, a prerequisite for the diversity of gene functions, and the main reason for the expansion of gene families. A further analysis revealed that each group included the members of the OSCA family from monocot O. sativa and dicot A. thaliana, L. chinense, and P. trichocarpa, indicating that the OSCA family was genetically diverse before the divergence of monocots and dicots. Members of Clade 3 and 4 in the OSCA family are rare, but both have been retained during evolution, suggesting that they may have played important roles in plant evolution. At the same time, interspecies collinearity showed that more OSCA gene pairs existed in L. chinense and P. trichocarpa, possibly resulting from trees in both species with close affinities (Figure 6).
The cis-acting element analysis identified multiple hormone-responsive elements and stress (low temperature, drought) responsive elements present in most of the LchiOSCAs promoter regions (Figure 7). This result suggests that LchiOSCAs can respond to external environmental stress. Related studies have considered that the ABA signaling pathway is a central regulator of abiotic stress responses in plants, triggering gene expression and adaptive physiological response changes [32,33,34]. According to the research by Colebrook et al., an exogenous gibberellin (GA3) administration might stimulate the production of salicylic acid (SA), which would then counteract the negative effects of abiotic stress on the seedling stage of plants [35]. Additionally, some research contends that jasmonic acid (JA) interacts both synergistically and antagonistically with other phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and salicylic acid (SA), and others act independently in regulating plant tolerance to environmental stress [36]. Therefore, we hypothesize that the OSCA gene family members can trigger a chain reaction to combat the negative impacts brought on by the environment by spraying various exogenous hormones, so ensuring plants develop normally.
The OSCA genes play important roles in plant abiotic stress regulation. The overexpression of maize ZmOSCA2.4 in A. thaliana significantly improves the drought resistance [14]. The overexpression of OsOSCA1.1 or OsOSCA2.2 enhanced the A. thaliana tolerance to a high osmolality and salt stress treatments [37,38]. Researchers found that OsOSCA2.1, −2.5, and −3.1 were significantly upregulated under salt stress and PEG stress [11]. In mung bean, the expression of VrOSCA1.4, −2.2, −2.4, −2.5, −2.6, and −3.1 genes were also significantly induced after the PEG treatment [12]. This study analyzed the responses of OSCA genes in L. chinense under drought, low temperature, and high temperature stress conditions. Some LchiOSCAs were expressed under three stress conditions, while others were expressed under only one or two stress conditions. For example, LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 respond strongly to drought, low temperature, and high temperature stress, indicating that there is an interaction in the response pathway of LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 to the three stress conditions. LchiOSCA9 was highly expressed under drought and heat stress and lowly expressed under cold stress. LchiOSCA8 was significantly induced only under drought stress. Therefore, we concluded that the LchiOSCA2 may be the primary regulating gene during abiotic stress, due to its high expression under three separate abiotic stresses at different times. (Figure 9). The findings of this work may offer fundamental theoretical support for understanding the roles played by L. chinense OSCA family members and the molecular processes underlying their reactions to stress and adversity. In turn, it will provide gene resources for genetic improvement by gene editing and transformation.

5. Conclusions

In this study, OSCA members from 31 species were identified ranging from lower plants to higher plants, with a total of 399 proteins. A total of 11 LchiOSCA family members were identified and divided into four subgroups, which were distributed on eight chromosomes. The analysis of the gene structures, conservative motifs, and 3D protein structures further proved the results of the phylogenetic tree. The gene replication events and Ka/Ks analysis showed that the LchiOSCA family expanded mainly through the tandem replication events and was affected by a purification selection during evolution. In addition, LchiOSCAs participates in the response to various abiotic stresses, LchiOSCA2 and LchiOSCA4 cross regulate the response to drought, cold, and heat stress. The above results provide a reference for further research on the biological function of the OSCA gene family of L. chinense and its regulation mechanism in response to abiotic stress.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/f13111835/s1, Figure S1: Putative transmembrane domains of LchiOSCAs; Figure S2: Specific information of each motif; Figure S3: Expression analysis of LchiOSCA genes in response to drought, cold and heat stress. Expression analysis of LchiOSCA genes by qRT-PCR. 0 h, 6 h and 3 d represent the treatment times of various stresses; Table S1: The primers used in the qRT-PCR; Table S2: The IDs of plant OSCA proteins; Table S3: Information of OSCA genes from L. chinense, A. thaliana, O. sativa, and P. trichocarpa; Table S4: Details of motifs in LchiOSCA proteins identified by MEME; Table S5: The Ka/Ks ratios for duplicated LchiOSCA genes; Table S6: Analysis of evolutionary selection pressure on collinear members of OSCA family in L. chinense and A. thaliana, L. chinense and O. sativa, and L. chinense and P. trichocarpa; Table S7: Predicted cis-elements results; Table S8: Structural dependent modeling parameters for the OSCA proteins; Table S9: TPM value of drought, cold and heat stress.

Author Contributions

Y.K., L.Y. and J.C. conceived and designed this research; M.X., R.L. and Y.G. performed the experiments; D.H. and B.A. assisted with the analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31971682, 32071784), Youth Foundation of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20210614), The Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and the Research Startup Fund for High-Level and High-Educated Talents of Nanjing Forestry University.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

  1. Zhang, H.; Zhu, J.; Gong, Z.; Zhu, J. Abiotic stress responses in plants. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2022, 23, 104–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Peck, S.; Mittler, R. Plant signaling in biotic and abiotic stress. J. Exp. Bot. 2020, 71, 1649–1651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Gong, Z. Plant abiotic stress: New insights into the factors that activate and modulate plant responses. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2021, 63, 429–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Zhang, Y.; Lv, Y.; Jahan, N.; Chen, G.; Ren, D.; Guo, L. Sensing of abiotic stress and ionic stress responses in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Dodd, A.N.; Kudla, J.; Sanders, D. The language of calcium signaling. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2010, 61, 593–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Koster, P.; DeFalco, T.; Zipfel, C. Ca2+ signals in plant immunity. EMBO J. 2022, 41, e110741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Yuan, F.; Yang, H.; Xue, Y.; Kong, D.; Ye, R.; Li, C.; Zhang, J.; Theprungsirikul, L.; Shrift, T.; Krichilsky, B.; et al. OSCA1 mediates osmotic-stress-evoked Ca2+ increases vital for osmosensing in Arabidopsis. Nature 2014, 514, 367–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Jojoa-Cruz, S.; Saotome, K.; Murthy, S.E.; Tsui, C.C.A.; Sansom, M.S.; Patapoutian, A.; Ward, A.B. Cryo-EM structure of the mechanically activated ion channel OSCA1.2. Elife 2018, 7, e41845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Liu, X.; Wang, J.; Sun, L. Structure of the hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel OSCA1.2. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Zhang, M.; Wang, D.; Kang, Y.; Wu, J.X.; Yao, F.; Pan, C.; Yan, Z.; Song, C.; Chen, L. Structure of the mechanosensitive OSCA channels. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2018, 25, 850–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Li, Y.; Yuan, F.; Wen, Z.; Li, Y.; Wang, F.; Zhu, T.; Zhuo, W.; Jin, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, H.; et al. Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of the OSCA gene family in rice. BMC Plant Biol. 2015, 15, 261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Yin, L.; Zhang, M.; Wu, R.; Chen, X.; Liu, F.; Xing, B. Genome-wide analysis of OSCA gene family members in Vigna radiata and their involvement in the osmotic response. BMC Plant Biol. 2021, 21, 408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Hartmann, F.P.; Tinturier, E.; Julien, J.L.; Leblanc-Fournier, N. Between stress and response: Function and localization of mechanosensitive Ca(2+) channels in herbaceous and perennial plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Cao, L.; Zhang, P.; Lu, X.; Wang, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, X.; Wei, X.; Mei, F.; Wei, L.; et al. Systematic analysis of the maize OSCA genes revealing ZmOSCA family members involved in osmotic stress and ZmOSCA2.4 confers enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Miao, S.; Li, F.; Han, Y.; Yao, Z.; Xu, Z.; Chen, X.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, A. Identification of OSCA gene family in Solanum habrochaites and its function analysis under stress. BMC Genom. 2022, 23, 547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Li, J.; Yang, J.; Jia, B. Evolution and expression analysis of OSCA gene family in soybean. Chin. J. Oil Crop Sci. 2017, 16, 16–26. [Google Scholar]
  17. Cao, Y.; Feng, J.; Hwarari, D.; Ahmad, B.; Wu, H.; Chen, J.; Yang, L. Alterations in population distribution of Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. and Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. caused by climate change. Forests 2022, 13, 488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Chen, J.; Hao, Z.; Guang, X.; Zhao, C.; Wang, P.; Xue, L.; Zhu, Q.; Yang, L.; Sheng, Y.; Zhou, Y.; et al. Liriodendron genome sheds light on angiosperm phylogeny and species-pair differentiation. Nat. Plants 2019, 5, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Zhao, K.; Chen, S.; Yao, W.; Cheng, Z.; Zhou, B.; Jiang, T. Genome-wide analysis and expression profile of the bZIP gene family in poplar. BMC Plant Biol. 2021, 21, 122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Hwarari, D.; Guan, Y.; Li, R.; Movahedi, A.; Chen, J.; Yang, L. Comprehensive bioinformatics and expression analysis of TCP transcription factors in Liriodendron chinense reveals putative abiotic stress regulatory roles. Forests 2022, 13, 1401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wu, W.; Zhu, S.; Xu, L.; Zhu, L.; Wang, D.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S.; Hao, Z.; Lu, Y.; Yang, L.; et al. Genome-wide identification of the Liriodendron chinense WRKY gene family and its diverse roles in response to multiple abiotic stress. BMC Plant Biol. 2022, 22, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Li, R.; Radani, Y.; Ahmad, B.; Movahedi, A.; Yang, L. Identification and characteristics of SnRK genes and cold stress-induced expression profiles in Liriodendron chinense. BMC Genom. 2022, 23, 708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Subramanian, B.; Gao, S.; Lercher, M.J.; Hu, S.; Chen, W.H. Evolview v3: A webserver for visualization, annotation, and management of phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, W270–W275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Procter, J.; Carstairs, G.; Soares, B.; Mourao, K.; Ofoegbu, T.; Barton, D.; Lui, L.; Menard, A.; Sherstnev, N.; Roldan-Martinez, D.; et al. Alignment of biological sequences with Jalview. Methods Mol. Biol. 2021, 2231, 203–224. [Google Scholar]
  25. Li, M.; Hwarari, D.; Li, Y.; Ahmad, B.; Min, T.; Zhang, W.; Wang, J.; Yang, L. The bZIP transcription factors in Liriodendron chinense: Genome-wide recognition, characteristics and cold stress response. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 1035627. [Google Scholar]
  26. Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Thomas, H.R.; Frank, M.H.; He, Y.; Xia, R. TBtools: An integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Mol. Plant 2020, 13, 1194–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Pan, G.; Li, Z.; Yin, M.; Huang, S.; Tao, J.; Chen, A.; Li, J.; Tang, H.; Chang, L.; Deng, Y.; et al. Genome-wide identification, expression, and sequence analysis of CONSTANS-like gene family in cannabis reveals a potential role in plant flowering time regulation. BMC Plant Biol. 2021, 21, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Yu, C.; Ke, Y.; Qin, J.; Huang, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wei, H.; Liu, G.; Lian, B.; Chen, Y.; et al. Genome-wide identification of calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase gene family reveals members participating in abiotic stress in the ornamental woody plant Lagerstroemia indica. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 942217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Li, R.; Ahmad, B.; Hwarari, D.; Li, D.; Lu, Y.; Gao, M.; Chen, J.; Yang, L. Genomic survey and cold-induced expression patterns of bHLH transcription factors in Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl) Sarg. Forests 2022, 13, 518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Ding, S.; Feng, X.; Du, H.; Wang, H. Genome-wide analysis of maize OSCA family members and their involvement in drought stress. PeerJ 2019, 7, e6765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Yang, X.; Xu, Y.; Yang, F.; Magwanga, R.O.; Cai, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Hou, Y.; Wang, K.; Liu, F.; et al. Genome-wide identification of OSCA gene family and their potential function in the regulation of dehydration and salt stress in Gossypium hirsutum. J. Cotton Res. 2019, 2, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. De Zelicourt, A.; Colcombet, J.; Hirt, H. The role of MAPK modules and ABA during abiotic stress signaling. Trends Plant Sci. 2016, 21, 677–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Bulgakov, V.P.; Wu, H.C.; Jinn, T.L. Coordination of ABA and chaperone signaling in plant stress responses. Trends Plant Sci. 2019, 24, 636–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Hussain, Q.; Asim, M.; Zhang, R.; Khan, R.; Farooq, S.; Wu, J. Transcription factors interact with ABA through gene expression and signaling pathways to mitigate drought and salinity stress. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Colebrook, E.H.; Thomas, S.G.; Phillips, A.L.; Hedden, P. The role of gibberellin signalling in plant responses to abiotic stress. J. Exp. Biol. 2014, 217, 67–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; Tang, B.; Dai, X.; Xie, L.; Liu, F.; Zou, X. Genome-wide identification and capsaicinoid biosynthesis-related expression analysis of the R2R3-MYB gene family in Capsicum annuum L. Front Genet. 2020, 11, 598183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Han, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhai, Y.; Wen, Z.; Liu, J.; Xi, C.; Zhao, H.; Wang, Y.; Han, S. OsOSCA1.1 mediates hyperosmolality and salt stress sensing in Oryza sativa. Biology 2022, 11, 678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Min, T.; Hwarari, D.; Li, D.; Movahedi, A.; Yang, L. CRISPR-based genome editing and its applications in woody plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Forests 13 01835 g001 550
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the 31 species OSCA genes. OrthoFinder (v2.5.4) was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of 31 species of OSCA protein. Different colors from top to bottom represent gymnosperm, fern, mosses, basal angiosperms, magnolias, dicotyledons, and monocotyledons, respectively. To the left side of each evolutionary branch of species is the name of the family.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the 31 species OSCA genes. OrthoFinder (v2.5.4) was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of 31 species of OSCA protein. Different colors from top to bottom represent gymnosperm, fern, mosses, basal angiosperms, magnolias, dicotyledons, and monocotyledons, respectively. To the left side of each evolutionary branch of species is the name of the family.
Forests 13 01835 g001
Forests 13 01835 g002 550
Figure 2. DUF221 functional domain protein sequence alignment and transmembrane domain prediction of LchiOSCAs. Transmembrane domains TM1–TM7 were annotated by red underlines.
Figure 2. DUF221 functional domain protein sequence alignment and transmembrane domain prediction of LchiOSCAs. Transmembrane domains TM1–TM7 were annotated by red underlines.
Forests 13 01835 g002
Forests 13 01835 g003 550
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree analysis of OSCA gene family in L. chinense, A. thaliana, O. sativa, and P. trichocarpa. The Clade 1 to 4 are shaded by Jade red, with blue, orange, and aquatic green, respectively. Genes from L. chinense (Lchi), A. thaliana (At), O. sativa (Os), and P. trichocarpa (Pt) are marked by a red star, blue circle, red triangle, and yellow rectangle in the inner circle, respectively.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree analysis of OSCA gene family in L. chinense, A. thaliana, O. sativa, and P. trichocarpa. The Clade 1 to 4 are shaded by Jade red, with blue, orange, and aquatic green, respectively. Genes from L. chinense (Lchi), A. thaliana (At), O. sativa (Os), and P. trichocarpa (Pt) are marked by a red star, blue circle, red triangle, and yellow rectangle in the inner circle, respectively.
Forests 13 01835 g003
Forests 13 01835 g004 550
Figure 4. The gene structure and conserved motifs of LchiOSCA genes. (A) The phylogenetic tree was constructed with OSCA proteins from L. chinense. The sequence information for each motif was provided in Supplementary Table S4. (B) Conserved motifs arrangement of LchiOSCAs. (C) Exon-intron patterns.
Figure 4. The gene structure and conserved motifs of LchiOSCA genes. (A) The phylogenetic tree was constructed with OSCA proteins from L. chinense. The sequence information for each motif was provided in Supplementary Table S4. (B) Conserved motifs arrangement of LchiOSCAs. (C) Exon-intron patterns.
Forests 13 01835 g004
Forests 13 01835 g005 550
Figure 5. Distribution of OSCA family genes on chromosomes in L. chinense. The tandem duplicated gene pairs were marked by red boxes. Different colors represent gene density on the chromosome and blue to red represent low density to high density.
Figure 5. Distribution of OSCA family genes on chromosomes in L. chinense. The tandem duplicated gene pairs were marked by red boxes. Different colors represent gene density on the chromosome and blue to red represent low density to high density.
Forests 13 01835 g005
Forests 13 01835 g006 550
Figure 6. Collinearity analysis of OSCA family members in L. chinense and A. thaliana, L. chinense and O. sativa, and L. chinense and P. trichocarpa. Gray lines in the background indicate the collinear blocks within the L. chinense and other plant genomes, and the syntenic OSCA gene pairs were highlighted with red lines.
Figure 6. Collinearity analysis of OSCA family members in L. chinense and A. thaliana, L. chinense and O. sativa, and L. chinense and P. trichocarpa. Gray lines in the background indicate the collinear blocks within the L. chinense and other plant genomes, and the syntenic OSCA gene pairs were highlighted with red lines.
Forests 13 01835 g006
Forests 13 01835 g007 550
Figure 7. Cis-acting elements of abiotic stress and hormone response in the LchiOSCAs promoter region. (A) The phylogenetic tree was constructed with OSCA proteins from L. chinense. (B) Locations of cis-acting elements in the 2 kb sequences upstream of LchiOSCAs, different colored squares represent different types of cis-acting elements. (C) The sum of the cis-acting elements in each LchiOSCA is represented by a histogram of different colors.
Figure 7. Cis-acting elements of abiotic stress and hormone response in the LchiOSCAs promoter region. (A) The phylogenetic tree was constructed with OSCA proteins from L. chinense. (B) Locations of cis-acting elements in the 2 kb sequences upstream of LchiOSCAs, different colored squares represent different types of cis-acting elements. (C) The sum of the cis-acting elements in each LchiOSCA is represented by a histogram of different colors.
Forests 13 01835 g007
Forests 13 01835 g008 550
Figure 8. The 3D structure modeling of LchiOSCA proteins. The structured image was generated using the Chimera software (v1.16). The random coil, α-helix, and β-strand are marked by yellow, green, and red, respectively.
Figure 8. The 3D structure modeling of LchiOSCA proteins. The structured image was generated using the Chimera software (v1.16). The random coil, α-helix, and β-strand are marked by yellow, green, and red, respectively.
Forests 13 01835 g008
Forests 13 01835 g009 550
Figure 9. The expression patterns of OSCA gene family in drought stress (A), cold stress (B), and heat stress (C) of L. chinense. The expression levels of the genes were expressed by TPM. The hierarchical clustering of genes based on expression is shown on the left. The color scale picture on the far right, represents the log2 expression value, where green represents the low level and red represents the high level of transcript abundance. Gene names were enlisted on the right.
Figure 9. The expression patterns of OSCA gene family in drought stress (A), cold stress (B), and heat stress (C) of L. chinense. The expression levels of the genes were expressed by TPM. The hierarchical clustering of genes based on expression is shown on the left. The color scale picture on the far right, represents the log2 expression value, where green represents the low level and red represents the high level of transcript abundance. Gene names were enlisted on the right.
Forests 13 01835 g009
Table
Table 1. Characteristics information of OSCA genes in L. chinense.
Table 1. Characteristics information of OSCA genes in L. chinense.
Gene NameGene IDChrAA
Length		PIMW
(KDa)		Predicted
Localization		GRAVY
LchiOSCA1Lchi3042717089.5480.36Plasma membrane0.258
LchiOSCA2Lchi3042816709.4575.52Plasma membrane0.24
LchiOSCA3Lchi2695337699.4288.24Plasma membrane0.124
LchiOSCA4Lchi2695437689.0387.59Plasma membrane0.173
LchiOSCA5Lchi1120643899.1643.79Plasma membrane0.203
LchiOSCA6Lchi3299774028.6245.74Plasma membrane0.405
LchiOSCA7Lchi2747476199.1570.37Plasma membrane0.298
LchiOSCA8Lchi0835886849.4878.60Plasma membrane0.156
LchiOSCA9Lchi0039097578.8186.04Plasma membrane0.342
LchiOSCA10Lchi10862134189.3346.20Plasma membrane0.322
LchiOSCA11Lchi11122194029.4545.97Plasma membrane0.698
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ke, Y.; Xu, M.; Hwarari, D.; Ahmad, B.; Li, R.; Guan, Y.; Chen, J.; Yang, L. OSCA Genes in Liriodendron chinense: Characterization, Evolution and Response to Abiotic Stress. Forests 2022, 13, 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111835

AMA Style

Ke Y, Xu M, Hwarari D, Ahmad B, Li R, Guan Y, Chen J, Yang L. OSCA Genes in Liriodendron chinense: Characterization, Evolution and Response to Abiotic Stress. Forests. 2022; 13(11):1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111835

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ke, Yongchao, Mingyue Xu, Delight Hwarari, Baseer Ahmad, Rongxue Li, Yuanlin Guan, Jinhui Chen, and Liming Yang. 2022. "OSCA Genes in Liriodendron chinense: Characterization, Evolution and Response to Abiotic Stress" Forests 13, no. 11: 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111835

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop