Terrestrial Water Storage Dynamics: Different Roles of Climate Variability, Vegetation Change, and Human Activities across Climate Zones in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Methods
3. Results
3.1. TWSAs and Driving Factors: Trend and Stationarity
3.1.1. Trends and Stationarities of TWSAs
3.1.2. Trends of Driving Factors
3.2. Spatial Variations of TWSAs
3.3. Spatial Variations of Vegetation Change
3.4. Key Driving Factors for TWSAs in Different Climate Zones
4. Discussion
4.1. The Dynamics of Terrestrial Water Storage and Their Driving Factors across Climate Zones
4.2. Limitations and Uncertainties
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Terrestrial water storage | TWS |
Terrestrial water storage anomalies | TWSAs |
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment | GRACE |
Mann-Kendall | MK |
Augmented Dickey-Fuller | ADF |
Forest coverage | FC |
Shrub coverage | SC |
Grassland coverage | GC |
Tropical monsoon zones | T |
Subtropical monsoon zones | ST |
Warm temperate zones | W |
Mild temperate zones | M |
Cold temperate zones | C |
Alpine climate zones | A |
Mild-Cold temperate zone | MC |
Appendix A
Appendix B
NO. | ID | Climate Zone | Area (km2) | P (mm) | Tave (°C) | TWS MK tau |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A010100 | MC | 41,473.19 | 339.86 | 1.25 | 0.49 * |
2 | A010200 | MC | 58,611.51 | 437.43 | −0.66 | 0.45 * |
3 | A010300 | MC | 61,341.18 | 490.53 | −2.15 | 0.45 * |
4 | A020100 | MC | 69,452.51 | 566.96 | −0.13 | 0.42 * |
5 | A020200 | MC | 100,618.63 | 545.90 | 1.64 | 0.45 * |
6 | A020300 | MC | 138,267.04 | 520.10 | 4.21 | 0.42 * |
7 | A030100 | MC | 45,964.14 | 846.76 | 3.64 | 0.49 * |
8 | A030200 | MC | 33,667.01 | 688.09 | 4.91 | 0.31 |
9 | A040100 | MC | 32,730.16 | 652.25 | 4.18 | 0.27 |
10 | A040200 | MC | 64,548.34 | 648.47 | 2.99 | 0.38 |
11 | A040300 | MC | 41,242.49 | 700.78 | 2.43 | 0.42 |
12 | A040400 | MC | 44,987.73 | 675.08 | 1.82 | 0.49 * |
13 | A040500 | MC | 18,271.14 | 714.84 | 2.92 | 0.49 * |
14 | A050100 | MC | 123,785.80 | 620.06 | −0.65 | 0.42 |
15 | A060100 | MC | 24,845.07 | 679.86 | 2.79 | 0.56 * |
16 | A060200 | MC | 42,589.81 | 747.77 | 2.94 | 0.60 * |
17 | A070100 | MC | 11,441.55 | 691.30 | 2.44 | 0.60 * |
18 | A080100 | MC | 25,049.50 | 756.74 | 3.34 | 0.53 * |
19 | B010100 | W | 63,196.65 | 467.47 | 5.25 | 0.05 |
20 | B010200 | MC | 39,231.93 | 434.38 | 5.26 | 0.20 |
21 | B010300 | MC | 38,082.83 | 503.81 | 7.79 | 0.20 |
22 | B020100 | MC | 10,821.14 | 688.19 | 5.77 | 0.24 |
23 | B030100 | MC | 36,985.69 | 681.83 | 7.16 | 0.20 |
24 | B030200 | W | 14,168.27 | 690.43 | 8.72 | 0.27 |
25 | B040100 | W | 12,290.00 | 877.16 | 6.25 | 0.38 |
26 | B040200 | W | 16,747.98 | 875.84 | 6.65 | 0.42 |
27 | B050100 | MC | 24,471.30 | 982.81 | 3.72 | 0.53* |
28 | B050200 | W | 10,410.43 | 973.22 | 5.96 | 0.42 |
29 | B060100 | W | 26,227.84 | 856.18 | 7.91 | 0.24 |
30 | B060200 | W | 38,053.53 | 594.56 | 8.68 | 0.16 |
31 | C010100 | W | 45,043.11 | 530.77 | 6.49 | −0.27 |
32 | C010200 | W | 11,308.64 | 603.37 | 11.12 | −0.42 |
33 | C020100 | W | 22,293.76 | 546.10 | 8.43 | −0.56 * |
34 | C020200 | W | 17,729.95 | 445.14 | 6.22 | −0.85 * |
35 | C020300 | W | 28,154.55 | 477.38 | 6.32 | −0.78 * |
36 | C020400 | W | 16,277.47 | 541.11 | 12.20 | −0.64 * |
37 | C030100 | W | 18,829.10 | 495.42 | 9.46 | −0.82 * |
38 | C030200 | W | 12,962.85 | 518.92 | 13.11 | −0.78 * |
39 | C030300 | W | 13,998.49 | 525.19 | 13.17 | −0.75 * |
40 | C030400 | W | 31,242.82 | 522.33 | 9.23 | −0.89 * |
41 | C030500 | W | 15,424.85 | 558.94 | 14.16 | −0.89 * |
42 | C030600 | W | 26,510.46 | 582.60 | 10.40 | −0.82 * |
43 | C030700 | W | 9371.70 | 650.03 | 15.22 | −0.82 * |
44 | C030800 | W | 23,159.94 | 573.61 | 14.22 | −0.78 * |
45 | C040100 | W | 33,173.78 | 614.12 | 14.25 | −0.82 * |
46 | D010100 | A | 86,810.32 | 643.16 | −1.09 | 0.42 |
47 | D010200 | A | 45,624.64 | 510.67 | 0.96 | 0.31 |
48 | D020100 | A | 14,712.22 | 289.19 | −1.34 | −0.31 |
49 | D020200 | A | 16,408.75 | 350.02 | 3.51 | −0.31 |
50 | D020300 | A | 33,226.18 | 587.09 | 3.29 | −0.42 |
51 | D020400 | A | 26,522.28 | 407.34 | 4.21 | −0.38 |
52 | D030100 | A | 29,972.50 | 373.51 | 8.08 | −0.82 * |
53 | D030200 | W | 24,190.04 | 327.31 | 8.75 | −0.93 * |
54 | D030300 | MC | 31,760.93 | 238.31 | 9.84 | −0.96 * |
55 | D030400 | MC | 56,017.33 | 298.32 | 6.45 | −0.89 * |
56 | D030500 | MC | 21,255.23 | 301.16 | 8.44 | −0.89 * |
57 | D040100 | W | 39,045.65 | 452.61 | 8.48 | −0.93 * |
58 | D040200 | W | 23,669.62 | 394.27 | 8.71 | −0.93 * |
59 | D040300 | W | 48,479.81 | 420.97 | 10.01 | −1.00 * |
60 | D050100 | W | 40,106.59 | 528.62 | 9.07 | −0.89 * |
61 | D050200 | W | 24,996.79 | 504.66 | 9.67 | −0.82 * |
62 | D050300 | W | 43,799.44 | 486.02 | 9.49 | −0.82 * |
63 | D050400 | A | 31,078.78 | 554.87 | 7.40 | −0.75 * |
64 | D050500 | ST | 17,632.94 | 655.79 | 11.36 | −0.75 * |
65 | D050600 | ST | 18,413.12 | 664.77 | 12.52 | −0.78 * |
66 | D050700 | W | 16,102.14 | 644.92 | 12.63 | −0.75 * |
67 | D060100 | W | 6009.98 | 666.76 | 12.03 | −0.78 * |
68 | D060200 | W | 13,762.79 | 613.06 | 10.18 | −0.82 * |
69 | D060300 | ST | 18,918.75 | 711.46 | 12.22 | −0.71 * |
70 | D060400 | W | 3327.59 | 678.51 | 14.15 | −0.82 * |
71 | D070100 | W | 7570.86 | 676.30 | 15.32 | −0.82 * |
72 | D070200 | W | 11,520.84 | 699.17 | 13.12 | −0.82 * |
73 | D070300 | W | 4523.98 | 691.39 | 15.04 | −0.75 * |
74 | D080100 | MC | 43,524.95 | 285.24 | 8.71 | −0.93 * |
75 | E010100 | ST | 16,198.71 | 942.52 | 16.11 | −0.42 |
76 | E010200 | ST | 14,804.98 | 1028.58 | 16.03 | 0.05 |
77 | E020100 | ST | 67,661.97 | 828.15 | 15.47 | −0.78 * |
78 | E020200 | ST | 25,178.55 | 1122.53 | 15.77 | 0.05 |
79 | E020300 | ST | 31,742.58 | 889.09 | 15.50 | −0.82 * |
80 | E020400 | ST | 8401.70 | 1068.95 | 15.96 | −0.45 |
81 | E030100 | ST | 7851.87 | 1100.24 | 15.72 | −0.53 * |
82 | E030200 | ST | 25,017.33 | 1131.08 | 15.18 | −0.56 * |
83 | E040100 | W | 10,036.48 | 742.36 | 14.35 | −0.82 * |
84 | E040200 | W | 22,433.73 | 738.29 | 15.12 | −0.82 * |
85 | E040300 | W | 9751.93 | 838.77 | 14.65 | −0.82 * |
86 | E040400 | ST | 33,578.17 | 867.59 | 13.71 | −0.85 * |
87 | E040500 | W | 4179.98 | 843.47 | 13.33 | −0.82 * |
88 | E050100 | W | 14,550.42 | 680.76 | 13.43 | −0.82 * |
89 | E050200 | W | 48,336.09 | 744.74 | 12.52 | −0.53 * |
90 | F010100 | A | 146,040.82 | 408.21 | −3.91 | 0.60 * |
91 | F010200 | ST | 74,779.04 | 949.22 | 1.51 | −0.82 * |
92 | F020100 | ST | 12,8821.94 | 925.24 | 2.98 | −0.56 * |
93 | F020200 | ST | 12,8766.38 | 943.55 | 10.92 | −0.49 * |
94 | F030100 | ST | 77,155.92 | 937.02 | 2.90 | −0.27 |
95 | F030200 | ST | 58,696.32 | 935.55 | 9.22 | 0.05 |
96 | F030300 | ST | 27,132.36 | 955.36 | 17.28 | 0.49 * |
97 | F040100 | ST | 60,368.63 | 752.94 | 7.95 | −0.38 |
98 | F040200 | ST | 35,868.57 | 934.51 | 14.67 | 0.42 |
99 | F040300 | ST | 39,064.36 | 1017.61 | 15.51 | 0.42 |
100 | F040400 | ST | 23,800.93 | 966.02 | 16.77 | 0.38 |
101 | F050100 | ST | 51,083.17 | 1018.07 | 13.72 | 0.56 * |
102 | F050200 | ST | 36,997.82 | 1071.45 | 13.99 | 0.75 * |
103 | F060100 | ST | 19,092.87 | 940.97 | 14.56 | 0.49 * |
104 | F060200 | ST | 80,857.98 | 1054.45 | 15.53 | 0.71 * |
105 | F070100 | ST | 18,158.75 | 1211.08 | 14.69 | 0.75 * |
106 | F070200 | ST | 54,417.17 | 1180.79 | 15.36 | 0.78 * |
107 | F070300 | ST | 35,395.90 | 1200.50 | 15.33 | 0.78 * |
108 | F070400 | ST | 16,515.17 | 1272.79 | 16.04 | 0.82 * |
109 | F070500 | ST | 11,910.24 | 1277.88 | 15.74 | 0.78 * |
110 | F070600 | ST | 54,040.31 | 1360.81 | 17.15 | 0.75 * |
111 | F070700 | ST | 41,728.33 | 1343.38 | 17.48 | 0.78 * |
112 | F070800 | ST | 32,260.72 | 1262.03 | 17.29 | 0.75 * |
113 | F080100 | ST | 94,742.01 | 854.58 | 11.43 | −0.31 |
114 | F080200 | ST | 24,414.02 | 887.86 | 15.22 | −0.27 |
115 | F080300 | ST | 37,232.54 | 1059.64 | 15.33 | 0.53 * |
116 | F090100 | ST | 14,854.61 | 1432.96 | 16.08 | 0.75 * |
117 | F090200 | ST | 40,910.15 | 1547.86 | 17.74 | 0.67 * |
118 | F090300 | ST | 23,643.46 | 1472.95 | 17.60 | 0.71 * |
119 | F090400 | ST | 19,821.07 | 1468.32 | 17.65 | 0.78 * |
120 | F090500 | ST | 16,201.79 | 1601.23 | 17.60 | 0.67 * |
121 | F090600 | ST | 15,990.92 | 1688.19 | 16.99 | 0.64 * |
122 | F090700 | ST | 14,806.03 | 1574.38 | 16.99 | 0.67 * |
123 | F090800 | ST | 20,302.84 | 1497.02 | 17.66 | 0.75 * |
124 | F100100 | ST | 17,770.44 | 1154.60 | 12.72 | 0.78 * |
125 | F100200 | ST | 21,790.17 | 1142.38 | 16.20 | 0.71 * |
126 | F100300 | ST | 34,251.96 | 1158.87 | 16.54 | 0.49 * |
127 | F100400 | ST | 23,017.81 | 1325.82 | 16.93 | 0.71 * |
128 | F110100 | ST | 43,495.11 | 1236.87 | 16.18 | 0.20 |
129 | F110200 | ST | 35,552.60 | 1363.98 | 15.74 | 0.35 |
130 | F110300 | ST | 13,876.48 | 1306.54 | 15.89 | −0.35 |
131 | F120100 | ST | 17,820.64 | 1387.83 | 15.85 | 0.05 |
132 | F120200 | ST | 8436.70 | 1348.46 | 16.07 | −0.20 |
133 | F120300 | ST | 7742.61 | 1512.98 | 16.48 | 0.20 |
134 | F120400 | ST | 4757.13 | 1420.43 | 16.36 | −0.09 |
135 | G010100 | ST | 33,071.13 | 1696.34 | 15.77 | 0.56 * |
136 | G010200 | ST | 18,726.80 | 1661.86 | 15.61 | 0.35 |
137 | G020100 | ST | 10812.38 | 1722.91 | 16.31 | 0.27 |
138 | G020200 | ST | 1365.86 | 1782.27 | 0.00 | 0.36 |
139 | G030100 | ST | 15,229.00 | 1841.64 | 15.04 | 0.45 |
140 | G030200 | ST | 20,192.22 | 1865.49 | 15.53 | 0.42 |
141 | G040100 | ST | 17,009.52 | 1799.32 | 15.80 | 0.45 |
142 | G050100 | ST | 43,534.09 | 1676.38 | 16.65 | 0.60 * |
143 | G050200 | ST | 19,234.41 | 1730.08 | 16.85 | 0.53 * |
144 | G060100 | ST | 35,963.54 | 1693.45 | 18.26 | 0.60 * |
145 | G070100 | T | 38,877.74 | 1954.36 | 17.13 | 0.53 * |
146 | H010100 | T | 57,507.93 | 1028.04 | 15.03 | 0.05 |
147 | H010200 | ST | 26,572.96 | 1031.86 | 14.45 | 0.16 |
148 | H020100 | ST | 54,832.13 | 1280.75 | 18.08 | 0.56 * |
149 | H020200 | ST | 58,769.39 | 1300.93 | 17.29 | 0.60 * |
150 | H030100 | ST | 39,411.43 | 1281.92 | 17.29 | 0.53 * |
151 | H030200 | ST | 38,725.63 | 1570.26 | 19.11 | 0.71 * |
152 | H040100 | ST | 30,395.15 | 1508.51 | 18.60 | 0.67 * |
153 | H040200 | ST | 36,462.52 | 1731.22 | 20.60 | 0.67 * |
154 | H050100 | ST | 17,729.86 | 1529.82 | 17.79 | 0.75 * |
155 | H050200 | ST | 29,770.64 | 1692.95 | 19.16 | 0.75 * |
156 | H060100 | ST | 19,340.65 | 1724.52 | 19.16 | 0.67 * |
157 | H060200 | ST | 9089.74 | 1889.35 | 20.97 | 0.67 * |
158 | H070100 | ST | 7689.55 | 1955.68 | 20.74 | 0.71 * |
159 | H070200 | ST | 1124.95 | 1965.12 | 21.34 | 0.71 * |
160 | H070300 | ST | 19,514.04 | 1974.55 | 21.94 | 0.71 * |
161 | H070400 | ST | 24.89 | 1823.90 | 20.39 | 0.49 |
162 | H080100 | ST | 29,405.44 | 1673.25 | 18.84 | 0.64 * |
163 | H080200 | ST | 17,691.43 | 1736.14 | 20.52 | 0.67 * |
164 | H090100 | T | 34,093.06 | 1850.01 | 22.40 | 0.60 * |
165 | H090200 | T | 22,151.88 | 1770.85 | 21.67 | 0.60 * |
166 | H100100 | T | 34,122.92 | 2000.36 | 23.00 | 0.24 |
167 | H100200 | T | 46.77 | 1576.70 | 19.87 | 0.23 |
168 | J010100 | T | 23,648.34 | 1153.04 | 16.73 | 0.20 |
169 | J010200 | T | 36,858.42 | 1038.22 | 15.97 | −0.13 |
170 | J010300 | T | 15,475.56 | 1199.31 | 16.32 | 0.38 |
171 | J020100 | ST | 92,175.82 | 867.20 | 0.08 | −0.82 * |
172 | J020200 | T | 74,639.37 | 1209.03 | 16.20 | 0.13 |
173 | J030100 | ST | 109,419.77 | 856.71 | −1.04 | −0.82 * |
174 | J030200 | T | 24,578.61 | 1121.37 | 15.96 | −0.38 |
175 | J030300 | ST | 21,843.12 | 1224.27 | 12.50 | −0.53 * |
176 | J040100 | A | 57,856.28 | 677.61 | −4.39 | −0.85 * |
177 | J040200 | A | 148,406.72 | 825.84 | −0.95 | −0.93 * |
178 | J040300 | ST | 52,439.60 | 968.40 | 2.38 | −0.93 * |
179 | J050100 | ST | 151,638.00 | 1026.57 | 3.72 | −0.89 * |
180 | J060100 | A | 5622.61 | 238.17 | −11.39 | −0.49 * |
181 | J060200 | A | 59,445.04 | 465.36 | −4.96 | −0.89 * |
182 | K010100 | MC | 215,394.29 | 314.78 | 3.10 | 0.20 |
183 | K010200 | MC | 99,453.54 | 269.77 | 5.88 | −0.82 * |
184 | K020100 | A | 41,726.79 | 209.92 | 7.18 | −0.75 * |
185 | K020200 | A | 152,430.90 | 131.02 | 7.37 | −0.60 * |
186 | K020300 | A | 126,307.25 | 107.79 | 4.92 | −0.49 * |
187 | K020400 | W | 151,286.51 | 148.84 | 9.34 | −0.78 * |
188 | K030100 | A | 47,500.93 | 247.78 | −1.46 | 0.20 |
189 | K040100 | A | 78,565.45 | 216.56 | −1.46 | 0.67 * |
190 | K040200 | A | 202,154.52 | 118.15 | −0.17 | 0.82 * |
191 | K050100 | MC | 57,673.63 | 113.55 | 6.15 | −0.75 * |
192 | K050200 | W | 41,518.80 | 95.16 | 8.86 | −0.85 * |
193 | K050300 | W | 37,853.56 | 127.26 | 7.56 | −0.96 * |
194 | K060100 | MC | 50,693.78 | 276.03 | 1.81 | −0.16 |
195 | K060200 | MC | 26,241.70 | 215.73 | 4.42 | −0.38 |
196 | K060300 | MC | 8033.20 | 361.15 | 3.90 | −0.13 |
197 | K070100 | MC | 22,241.47 | 314.94 | 4.98 | −0.45 |
198 | K070200 | MC | 61,879.15 | 316.68 | 2.24 | −0.75 * |
199 | K080100 | MC | 88,652.18 | 208.83 | 8.03 | −0.64 * |
200 | K090100 | MC | 18,346.21 | 146.53 | 5.58 | −0.85 * |
201 | K090200 | MC | 85,909.97 | 243.12 | 4.99 | −0.75 * |
202 | K090300 | MC | 53,560.57 | 338.34 | 6.64 | −0.75 * |
203 | K100100 | A | 88,788.54 | 164.03 | 2.03 | −0.31 |
204 | K100200 | A | 98,125.46 | 255.45 | 1.77 | −0.49 * |
205 | K100300 | A | 87,948.13 | 298.22 | 3.96 | −0.49 * |
206 | K100400 | W | 54,636.34 | 262.86 | 6.65 | −0.60 * |
207 | K100500 | W | 41,588.46 | 196.08 | 6.65 | −0.75 * |
208 | K100600 | W | 111,173.19 | 119.92 | 4.58 | −0.89 * |
209 | K110100 | A | 73,358.80 | 107.87 | 7.36 | 0.02 |
210 | K110200 | A | 137,705.99 | 77.12 | 6.90 | 0.35 |
211 | K120100 | W | 33,832.29 | 122.80 | 5.39 | −0.85 * |
212 | K130100 | W | 234,953.07 | 110.99 | 13.63 | −0.64 * |
213 | K130200 | A | 134,052.61 | 74.68 | 11.06 | −0.75 * |
214 | K140100 | A | 791,638.02 | 277.51 | −5.13 | −0.47 * |
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Climate Zone | Area (km2) | P (mm) | Tave (°C) | FC (%) | SC (%) | GC (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 214) | 9.84 × 106 | 862.15 | 10.40 | 36.31 | 0.14 | 21.73 |
Tropical monsoon (n = 11) | 3.62 × 105 | 1445.57 | 18.21 | 73.31 | 0.01 | 4.22 |
Subtropical monsoon (n = 88) | 30.23 × 105 | 1296.02 | 14.85 | 60.88 | 0.03 | 6.44 |
Warm temperate (n = 50) | 16.30 × 105 | 541.54 | 10.32 | 10.77 | 0.30 | 25.89 |
Mild-cold temperate (n = 39) | 20.69 × 105 | 483.49 | 4.07 | 26.13 | 0.29 | 38.93 |
Alpine climate (n = 26) | 27.62 × 105 | 331.43 | 1.68 | 1.36 | 0.13 | 47.16 |
Type of Factors | Index | Symbol | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Climate | Precipitation | P | mm |
Effective precipitation | PE | mm | |
Evapotranspiration | ET | mm | |
Temperature | Tave | °C | |
Watershed characteristics | Leaf area index | LAI | m2/m2 |
Normalized difference vegetation index | NDVI | - | |
Vegetation fraction coverage | VFC | % | |
Soil moisture | SM | % | |
Human activities | Industrial water use | IND | mm |
Agricultural water use | AGR | mm | |
Domestic water use | DW | mm | |
Total water use | WT | mm | |
Irrigated area | IRR | 103 hm | |
Population density | PD | persons/km2 | |
Gross domestic product | GDP | RMB | |
Per capita GDP | PERGDP | RMB |
Climate Zone | MK Test | ||
---|---|---|---|
Z | tau Value | p Value | |
All (n= 214) | −3.62 * | −0.05 | 0.000 |
Tropical monsoon zone (n = 11) | 3.42 ** | 0.18 | 0.000 |
Subtropical monsoon zone (n = 88) | 10.61 ** | 0.23 | 0.000 |
Warm temperate zone (n = 50) | −20.74 ** | −0.59 | 0.000 |
Alpine climate zone (n = 26) | −6.16 ** | −0.24 | 0.000 |
Mild-cold temperate zone (n = 39) | 1.32 | 0.04 | 0.187 |
Climate Zone | Augmented Dicken-Fuller Test Statistic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t-Statistic | 1% Level | 5% Level | 10% Level | Prob. * | Stationary | |
All (n = 214) | −2.59 | −4.42 | −3.26 | −3.26 | 0.13 | No |
Tropical monsoon zone (n = 11) | −2.59 | −4.42 | −3.26 | −2.77 | 0.13 | No |
Subtropical monsoon zone (n = 88) | −0.18 | −4.42 | −3.26 | −2.77 | 0.35 | No |
Warm temperate zone (n = 50) | −1.35 | −4.30 | −3.21 | −2.75 | 0.56 | No |
Mild-cold temperate zone (n = 39) | −1.74 | −4.30 | −3.21 | −2.75 | 0.38 | No |
Alpine climate zone (n = 26) | −1.16 | −4.30 | −3.21 | −2.75 | 0.65 | No |
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Deng, S.; Zhang, M.; Hou, Y.; Wang, H.; Yu, E.; Xu, Y. Terrestrial Water Storage Dynamics: Different Roles of Climate Variability, Vegetation Change, and Human Activities across Climate Zones in China. Forests 2022, 13, 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101541
Deng S, Zhang M, Hou Y, Wang H, Yu E, Xu Y. Terrestrial Water Storage Dynamics: Different Roles of Climate Variability, Vegetation Change, and Human Activities across Climate Zones in China. Forests. 2022; 13(10):1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101541
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Shiyu, Mingfang Zhang, Yiping Hou, Hongyun Wang, Enxu Yu, and Yali Xu. 2022. "Terrestrial Water Storage Dynamics: Different Roles of Climate Variability, Vegetation Change, and Human Activities across Climate Zones in China" Forests 13, no. 10: 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101541