Changes in Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration in the Huangshan UNESCO Global Geopark (China) from 2000 to 2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Pretreatments
2.3. Calculations of Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration
2.4. Multivariate Correlation Analysis and Variance Partitioning
2.5. Evaluation of the Structural Equation Model
3. Results
3.1. Dynamic Evaluation of Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration
3.2. Correlation Among Observed Variables
3.3. Multiple Controls of Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration
3.4. Analysis of the Fitted SEM
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration in the HUGG
4.2. Factors Affecting the HUGG Ecosystem Functions
4.3. Implications and Uncertainties
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Vegetation Index | Equation |
---|---|
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) | |
Ratio vegetation index (RVI) | |
Modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) | |
Modified triangular vegetation index 2 (MTVI2) |
Ecosystem Function | Abbreviation | Equation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Water retention | EF_WR | [54,55] | |
Carbon sequestration | EF_CS | ) | [56,57] |
Ecosystem Function | Change | 2000–2010 | 2010–2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Area Percent (%) | Average Change (m3 ha−1 year−1 or g C m−2 year−1) | Area (km2) | Area Percentage (%) | Average Change (m3 ha−1 year−1 or g C m−2 year−1) | ||
Water retention | Increased | 58.54 | 44.75 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Decreased | 12.44 | 9.51 | 0.42 | 0.32 | |||
Unchanged | 59.84 | 45.74 | 130.39 | 99.68 | |||
Carbon sequestration | Increased | 102.93 | 78.68 | 16.29 | 128.83 | 98.48 | 9.28 |
Decreased | 25.25 | 19.30 | 1.92 | 1.47 | |||
Unchanged | 2.63 | 2.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
Both Ecosystem Functions (%) | Carbon Sequestration (%) | Water Retention (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Climate factors | 34.85 | 1.93 | 67.77 |
Tourist disturbance | 8.92 | 14.57 | 3.26 |
Vegetation growth | 28.96 | 9.53 | 48.39 |
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Gou, R.; Li, W.; Yang, Y.; Bai, J.; Meng, Y.; Wu, J.; Ding, Y.; Dai, Z.; Shi, Q.; Song, S.; et al. Changes in Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration in the Huangshan UNESCO Global Geopark (China) from 2000 to 2015. Forests 2020, 11, 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111152
Gou R, Li W, Yang Y, Bai J, Meng Y, Wu J, Ding Y, Dai Z, Shi Q, Song S, et al. Changes in Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration in the Huangshan UNESCO Global Geopark (China) from 2000 to 2015. Forests. 2020; 11(11):1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111152
Chicago/Turabian StyleGou, Ruikun, Wei Li, Yanzheng Yang, Jiankun Bai, Yuchen Meng, Jun Wu, Yali Ding, Zheng Dai, Qi Shi, Shanshan Song, and et al. 2020. "Changes in Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration in the Huangshan UNESCO Global Geopark (China) from 2000 to 2015" Forests 11, no. 11: 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111152