Next Article in Journal
Is REDD+ More of an Institutional Affair than a Market Process? The Concealed Social and Cultural Consequences of an Ongoing REDD+ Project in Kolo Hills, Tanzania
Previous Article in Journal
On the Experimental Assessment of the Molecular-Scale Interactions between Wood and Water
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Forests
Volume 10
Issue 8
10.3390/f10080615
forests-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Biomass and Nutrients Variation of Chinese Fir Rooted Cuttings under Conventional and Exponential Fertilization Regimes of Nitrogen

by
Jiasen Wu
1,
Haiping Lin
1,
Lianhua Guo
2,
Jiaqi Dong
2,
Luyao Zhang
2 and
Weijun Fu
1,3,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
2
School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
3
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2019, 10(8), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080615
Submission received: 11 June 2019 / Revised: 14 July 2019 / Accepted: 21 July 2019 / Published: 25 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Exponential fertilization has been regarded as an important technique for improving seedling quality at the initial plant-growth stage. In our study, containerized one-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) rooted cuttings were reared at four nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g cutting−1 season−1) under two topdressing methods (conventional and exponential) for a 210-day greenhouse rotation to evaluate growth and nutrient loading capacity of seedlings. N fertilizer was applied 20 times at an interval of 10 days during the study period. The results indicated that the schedule and rate of fertilization significantly affected the height, ground diameter, and biomass of Chinese fir rooted cuttings. The nitrogen concentration of different plant organs followed the order of leaves > root > stem. Compared to the CK, the N concentrations in root, stem, and leaves increased by 39.6%, 16.6%, and 41.1% in the conventional fertilizer treatment, and by 22.6% to 81.4%, 27.3% to 152.6%, and 73.6% to 135.5% in exponential fertilization treatments, respectively. The N concentrations of root, stem, and leaves of Chinese fir rooted cuttings under EF2 (1.0 N g cutting−1) were significantly higher than that of conventional fertilization (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference of phosphorus and potassium concentrations among different plant organs. Steady-state nutrition and superior growth performance were achieved by rooted cuttings fertilized exponentially at the rate of 1.0 g cutting−1 yielding (EF2).

1. Introduction

The quality of seedlings is one of the most important factors for maximizing post-planting tree seedling survival and growth during the early stage of plantation establishment [1,2]. Non-target vegetation competes with target-tree species for nutrients, water, and light, which could significantly decrease tree seedling survival [3]. Previously, herbicides was applied to alleviate vegetation competition. However, an increasing public concern is accompanying such vegetation management due to the environmental risk caused by the use of herbicides [4]. An alternative approach of planting “nutrient-loaded” seedlings has been regarded as a sustainable vegetation management practice [5]. Therefore, fertilizer application plays an important role in improving the quality of seedlings and further provide a competitive advantage of seedlings over the competing plants after planting [6]. Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for plant growth as a key component in amino acid and protein. Appropriate application of N fertilizer can promote plant growth, while excessive application can cause non-point source pollution.
Conventional fertilization measure provides fertilizer at a constant rate during the growth period, which could cause the toxicity of small seedlings and result in excessive nutrient loss if the applied nutrients are not fully absorbed by seedlings at the nursery stage [2,7]. Meanwhile, it can also lead to nutrient deficiency in the late growth stages [8]. The theory of steady-state nutrition, characterized by an increasing nutrient concentration in seedlings, is carried out through delivering nutrients at an exponential rate during nursery production [9]. Exponential fertilization regimes can induce abundant uptake and lead to more nutrient reserves for new tissue growth. Therefore, the steady-state mineral nutrients of the plants are induced, the nutrient load in the seedlings is effectively increased, and the competitiveness of the seedlings is enhanced, so that it can better adapt to the site conditions of the afforestation sites [10,11,12]. Compared with conventional fertilization, the survival rate of seedlings cultivated by exponential fertilization is higher and the growth effect is better [13]. It is widely used in the European and American afforestation tree species mainly based on Taxodiaceae Warming and Pinaceae Lindl. [14,15,16,17,18,19]. Since the introduction of steady-state nutrient theory and related technologies in China, we have studied the broad-leaved tree species such as Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu and Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. [20,21,22,23], but there are few studies on the cultivation of fast-growing and high-yield seedlings.
Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) belongs to Cunninghamia R. Br. It is a unique afforestation tree species in southern China, which is characterized by a fast-growing speed and a high-yield wood output. In southern China, the reclamation of disturbed lands has being ongoing since the 1980s. During this process, the rooted cuttings (phenotypical variation among seedlings are very small that they look like the clone) of Chinese fir is generally applied since the 1990s, due to its minor differences among individuals and uniform management of Chinese fir plantations, which can lead to approximately 58.7% higher output of above-ground biomass [24]. Therefore, the high quality seedlings are the basis for the successful construction of Chinese fir plantations. Xu et al. [25] reported that exponential fertilization effectively promotes the growth of Chinese fir seedlings and improves the nutritional status of seedlings. However, at present the effect of exponential fertilization on rooted cuttings of Chinese fir is still unclear. We hypothesized that the exponential fertilization could improve the growth and the nutrients in organs of Chinese fir rooted cuttings. To study this, a pot experiment was carried out using one-year-old rooted cuttings of Chinese fir under different N application methods and dosages, which could provide a rational N fertilizer application strategy for the nutrient management of rooted cuttings of Chinese fir.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

The study site is located in the greenhouse of the Experimental Base of Zhejiang A&F University in Lin'an City, Zhejiang Province (30°16′ N, 119°44′ E). Lin'an has a subtropical monsoon climate with an annual average temperature of 16.6 °C, ranging from −13.2 °C to 41.6 °C. The annual average precipitation is 1628.6 mm. The annual daylight hours and frost-free days are 1774 h and 235 d, respectively [25,26]. The temperature in the greenhouse ranged from 23 to 33 °C during the experimental period (March 2014 to October 2014), with relative humidity of 55%–75%.

2.2. Experimental Design and N Fertilization Regimes

The rooted cuttings named “Kai 4 × Na 11” (from one tree which is a cross between one tree called “Kai 4” and another tree called “Na 11”) were from national forestry farmland of Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province. A total of 300 one-year-old Chinese fir rooted cuttings (heights: 25.50 ± 0.30 cm and ground diameters: 3.12 ± 0.05 mm) were selected. On 1 March 2014, a plastic pot of 23 cm × 24 cm × 28 cm (bottom diameter × upper diameter × height) was used and one clonal seedling was planted in each pot. The test soil was derived from granite and classified as Ferralsols in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil classification system [27]. The basic soil physico-chemical properties were determined (pH: 6.6, organic carbon: 4.8 g kg−1, alkaline nitrogen: 22.7 mg kg−1, available phosphorus: 0.9 mg kg−1, available potassium: 55.5 mg kg−1).
Each pot was filled with 10 kg of soil and was placed on a plastic tray to collect and reuse the penetrating water with nutrients contained. The pot experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 5 levels of fertilizer: Control (CK), conventional fertilization (CF), and exponential fertilization (EF1, EF2, EF3, respectively). The totally seasonal amount of N applied was 0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g cuttling−1, respectively. There were 60 rooted cuttings per level of fertilizer to guarantee the enough lively rooted cuttings at the final harvest stage. During the growth process, the first fertilization was carried out on 21 March 2014. Since then, the N fertilizer was applied once for every 10 days, giving a total of 20 times fertilization. The conventional fertilization delivered N at a constant rate of 25 mg seedling−1 per 10 days, while the exponential fertilization delivered N following the exponential fertilization model [28]:
Nt = Ns (er t − 1) − Nt − 1,
NT = Ns (er t − 1),
where Nt is the tth N application amount according to N addition rate (r), Ns is the initial N content of the rooted cuttings, Nt − 1 is the total N application at the (t − 1)th fertilization, and NT is the total N content of seedlings after the tth nitrogen application (under fertilizer efficiency of 100%). The initial N content of Chinese fir cuttings is 72.19 mg cutting−1. The N fertilizer is urea, and the specific fertilization progress is shown in Figure 1.
Both superphosphate (7.0 g cutting−1) and potassium sulfate (2.0 g cutting−1) were applied as base fertilizer at the first fertilization on 21 March 2014. Superphosphate and potassium sulfate were applied into a ring groove (2-cm depth) around the cutting root. The urea was dissolved in water according to different usage, and then equally watered by a cylinder for the same treatment.

2.3. Plant Sampling and Chemical Analysis

2.3.1. Determination of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters

After 210 days of fertilization, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were carried out using a portable chlorophyll fluorescence meter (PAM-2100, Walz, Germany) on 22 October (a sunny day) from 9:00 to 14:00. The mature leaves at the middle and upper parts of Chinese fir (5 leaves per plant) were selected, and 5 rooted cuttings were randomly selected for each treatment. After dark adaptation for 20 min, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined. The values of each parameter were automatically generated by the system under the selected mode.

2.3.2. Biomass Determination

After the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured, 5 strains of different treated cuttings were harvested, and the whole plant was harvested as a sample. The root-collar diameter and shoot height were measured with a vernier caliper and a flexible rule. The whole plant was washed with fresh water and then rinsed with deionized water. Their roots, stems, and leaves were obtained, respectively. These samples were oven-dried at 105 °C for 30 min, then at 70 °C to constant weight.
Total biomass (g cutting−1) = root biomass + stem biomass + leaf biomass

2.3.3. Determination of Plant Nutrients

The weighed sample was pulverized through a 0.5 mm sieve, and the N content was measured using an elemental analyzer (Elementer, VARIO Macro, Germany). After the sieved sample was dehydrated by H2SO4–H2O2, the potassium (K) content was measured by flame photometer, and the phosphorus (P) content was measured by molybdenum blue colorimetric-spectrophotometry.

2.4. Data Processing

The data are presented as average ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical differences were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the completely randomized design and Duncan’s multiple comparison test in SPSS version 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) [29]. The ANOVA analysis indicated a significant difference, the Duncan’s multiple comparison test was used to separate the means. An alpha level of 0.05 for significance was used in all statistical analyses. Before performing the ANOVA analysis, the normality and homogeneity of raw data were tested, and data were log-transformed if the homogeneity of the variance was not met [30,31,32,33]. The statistical graphs were produced by Origin 8 and the Excel 2003 software (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Effects of Different Fertilization Levels on the Height and Ground Diameter of Chinese Fir Rooted Cuttings

Compared with the CK, the rooted cuttings’ height and the ground diameter of the four N-fertilization treatments significantly increased by 34.1%–60.5% and 20.5%–40.4%, respectively (Figure 2). Compared with CF, the cutting heights and ground diameters of exponential fertilization treatments (EF1, EF2, and EF3) increased by 4.1%–19.8% and 4.6%–19.8%, respectively. The largest height and ground diameter was found under EF2.

3.2. Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on the Biomass of Chinese Fir Seedlings

As shown in Figure 3, the biomass of Chinese fir roots ranged from 10.14 to 14.13 g cutting−1, and the differences among the treatments were not significant (p > 0.05). Compared with the control, the biomass of stems, leaves, and whole plants of the four N-fertilization levels increased significantly by 113.9%–166.9%, 158.0%–230.9%, and 96.4%–128.9%, respectively. Among them, the highest biomass of stem, leaf, and whole plant was found at EF2. Furthermore, the ratios of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass under the four N-fertilization levels were significantly higher than the control (Table 1).

3.3. Effects of Different Fertilization on the Characteristics of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Chinese Fir Seedlings

The results (Table 2) of photochemical quenching coefficient (QP), apparent electron transport rate (ETR), and effective quantum yield of PSII (Yield) of the leaves of Chinese fir seedlings at the exponential fertilization levels, were significantly higher than that of CF and CK, respectively. When the N exponential fertilization amount reached 1.0 g seedling−1, the maximum QP, ETR, and Yield values were found. While the N fertilization application increased to 2.0 g cutting−1, the QP, ETR, and Yield values decreased. Therefore, the exponential N application is beneficial to the formation of photosynthetic products, but excessive N application can inhibit electron transport ability.

3.4. Effects of Different Fertilization Levels on Nutrient Contents of Chinese Fir Rooted Cuttings

Overall, the N concentration of Chinese fir cutting-seedlings was in the order of leaf > root > stem (Figure 4). For leaves, the N concentration of CF treatment was 41.1% higher than control and the N concentration of EF treatments were 73.6%–135.5% higher than control. The N concentration of EF3 was significantly higher than for EF1 and EF2. Compared with the control, the N concentration of CF treatment increased by 39.6%, and the EF treatment increased by 22.6%–81.4%. The N concentrations of roots under EF2 and EF3 were significantly higher than that of CF and EF1. Compared with the control, EF2 and EF3 increased significantly, with EF3 more than EF2.
The P concentrations of the roots and leaves under the four N-fertilization treatments were significantly higher than that of CK, respectively (Figure 5). However, the differences of P concentrations between EF and CF were not significant. For the P concentrations of the stem, no significant differences were found among treatments. For roots, stems, and leaves of Chinese fir cuttings, no significant differences of K concentrations under different treatments were observed (Figure 6).

4. Discussion

Height and ground diameter are important indicators for estimating the quality of seedlings [34]. In this study, the height and ground diameter of fertilized cuttings were significantly higher than those without fertilizer, similar to the results of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng seedlings [35]. The EF2 treatment had the best height and ground diameter, indicating that proper N application could promote the growth of Chinese fir rooted cuttings, while excessive application of N could inhibit its growth, which was in line with the effect of exponential fertilization on the rooted cuttings of Catalpa bungei C. A. Mey [23].
Biomass is an important indicator to measure the productivity of seedlings. The biomass allocation in plants is affected by the amount of N applied. In the exponential fertilization, the root biomass decreased slightly with the increase of N application rate. This is because when N is deficient, plants increase the proportion of root biomass to increase the N uptake capacity of the roots. The biomass of stems, leaves, and whole plants treated with exponential fertilization showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of total N application rate, indicating that proper fertilization promoted the growth of rooted cuttings [23], significantly increased the accumulation of dry matter in seedlings [14,36], while excessive N application caused slight poison to seedlings [15,21,37,38,39,40], further impeded the seedling growth and biomass accumulation [41,42]. The highest ratio (1.90) of aboveground biomass/belowground biomass at the final harvest occurred with EF2, the lowest (0.76) was attained with the CK, illustrating that ample and stable nutrients supply in the growing medium tended to enhance shoot growth more than root growth [43,44,45]. While Hawkins et al. [8] found that the seedling height differed, biomass of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) did not differ greatly among exponential or constant-rate fertilization treatments in the greenhouse. Boivin et al. [46] indicated that the root growth increased much more than shoot growth during the late season fertilization process. The probability of the above difference could be related to different experimental species and fertilization process.
Photosynthesis is the basis of biomass production of seedling. The chlorophyll fluorescence is a probe for photosynthesis [47], in which QP reflects the share of photochemical electron transport in the PSII antenna pigment absorption. To a certain extent, QP reflects the openness of the PSII reaction center. The relative ETR of PSII indicates the ability of a photosynthetic mechanism to absorb light energy, which generates charge separation and electrons that passes down the electron transport chain. Yield is the effective quantum yield of photo-chemistry. EF treatments were significantly higher than of the control and CF treatments, and showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen application rate. This phenomena indicated that proper nitrogen application improved the photosynthetic performance of Chinese fir leaves, increased the PSII activity and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, increased the openness of the PSII reaction center, and improved the apparent electron transport rate and the total photochemical quantum yield of PSII. The radiant energy is dissipated so that the light absorbed by the leaves is more fully used for photosynthesis [48], but a large amount of N inhibits the ability of electron transport. Exponential fertilization is beneficial to the formation of photosynthetic products, and the amount of fertilizer applied should be controlled at 1.0 g cutting−1.
Fertilization can increase the N concentration of roots, stems, and leaves of cuttings, and the increase of N content can promote the growth and competitiveness of cuttings, thus increasing the possibility of successful afforestation. Exponential fertilization significantly increased the N content of roots, stems, and leaves of Chinese fir cuttings. After 210 days of fertilization, the N content of roots, stems, and leaves treated with exponential N application of 1.0 and 2.0 g cutting−1 was significantly higher than that of CF and CK, and increased with the increase of N application rate, which is consistent with the findings in another study [6]. While Timmer et al. [9] and Salifu et al. [10] found that when the nutrient supply is in short or sufficient, the nutrient concentration of seedlings increases with the increase of nutrient supply; when the nutrient supply exceeds the optimal demand for seedlings, the nutrient content will not continue to increase or even decrease. The reason for contradictory results may be related to the test materials and test methods [21].
P concentration after N-fertilization tended to be higher than without using N-fertilizer, suggesting that N application was beneficial for accumulation of P in Chinese fir cuttings. It may be that the supply of N promotes the growth of Chinese fir cuttings and causes a relative higher demand of P [49], which increases the P absorption and the concentration of P in Chinese fir cuttings after N-fertilizer application. After 210 days of N-fertilization, the differences of K concentrations in organs among different treatments were not significant, implying that P and K had different absorption characteristics by Chinese fir rooted cuttings.

5. Conclusions

Fertilization application significantly increased the biomass and nutrient concentration of Chinese fir cuttings. The Chinese fir cuttings with exponential application of 1.0 g cutting−1 had the highest biomass accumulation and nutrient loading. Considering the growth traits, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, N, P, and K concentrations of cuttings, the N application rate of 1.0 g cutting−1 is the critical point to satisfy the growth of Chinese fir rooted cuttings, and can obtain higher biological characteristics of Chinese fir. This can obtain suitable N application in greenhouse cultivation of Chinese fir rooted cuttings.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.L.; methodology, L.G.; software, J.D.; validation, L.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, J.W.; writing—review and editing, W.F.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture (20180207), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41201323), and Zhejiang Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Group (No.2009R50033).

Acknowledgments

We thank Huan Liu for her work on soil sampling and analysis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Sun, H.Y.; Liu, Y.; Ma, L.Y.; Jia, Z.K.; Kang, Y.Y.; Jin, H.F.; Jiang, H.; Liu, F.S.; Li, X.L. Effects of supplying of nitrogen phosphorus to Larix olgensis seedling quality. J. Inner Mongolia agri. Univ. 2011, 32, 58–62. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  2. Hu, Y.L.; Hu, Y.; Zeng, D.H.; Xiao, T.; Chang, S.X. Exponential fertilization and plant competition effects on the growth and N nutrition of trembling aspen and white spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 2014, 45, 78–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Woods, P.; Nambiar, E.; Smethurst, P. Effect of annual weeds on water and nitrogen availability to Pinus radiata trees in a young plantation. For. Ecol. Manag. 1992, 48, 145–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Ervin, D.; Jussaume, R. Integrating social science into managing herbicide-resistant weeds and associated environmental impacts. Weed Sci. 2014, 62, 403–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Imo, M.; Timmer, V.R. Growth and nutritional interactions of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with neighboring natural vegetation under greenhouse conditions. For. Sci. 2002, 48, 77–84. [Google Scholar]
  6. Malik, V.; Timmer, V.R. Interaction of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with neighbouring vegetation in greenhouse environments. Can. J. For. Res. 1995, 25, 1017–1023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Oliet, J.A.; Planelles, R.; Aptero, F.; Valverde, R.; Jacobs, D.; Segura, M.L. Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid condition: Relative influence of seeding morphology and mineral nutrition. New For. 2009, 37, 313–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Hawkins, B.J.; Burgess, D.; Mitchell, A.K. Growth and nutrient dynamics of western hemlock with conventional or exponential greenhouse fertilization and planting in different fertility conditions. Can. J. For. Res. 2005, 35, 1002–1016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Timmer, V.R. Exponential nutrient loading: A new fertilization technique to improve seedlings performance on competitive sites. New For. 1996, 13, 275–295. [Google Scholar]
  10. Salifu, K.F.; Jacobs, D.F.; Birge, Z.K. Nursery nitrogen loading improves field performance of bare root oak seedlings planted on abandoned mine lands. Restor. Ecol. 2009, 17, 339–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Li, Y.F.; Hu, S.D.; Chen, J.H.; Muller, K.; Li, Y.C.; Fu, W.J.; Lin, Z.W.; Wang, H.L. Effects of biochar application in forest ecosystems on soil properties and greenhouse gas emission: A review. J. Soils Sediments 2018, 18, 546–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Fu, W.J.; Fu, Z.J.; Ge, H.L.; Ji, B.Y.; Jiang, P.K.; Li, Y.F.; Wu, J.S.; Zhao, K.L. Spatial variation of biomass carbon density in a subtropical region of southeastern China. Forests 2015, 6, 1966–1981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Wei, H.X.; Xu, C.Y.; Ma, L.Y.; Jiang, L.N. Advances in Study on Seedling Exponential Fertilization Regime. Sci. Silvae Sinicae 2010, 46, 140–146. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  14. Malik, V.; Timmer, V.R. Biomass partitioning and nitrogen retranslocation in black spruce seedlings on competitive mixed wood sites: A bioassay study. Can. J. For. Res. 1998, 28, 206–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Salifu, K.F.; Timmer, V.R. Nitrogen retranslocation response of young Picea mariana to nitrogen-15 supply. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2003, 67, 309–318. [Google Scholar]
  16. McAlister, J.A.; Timmer, V.R. Nutrient enrichment of white spruce seedlings during nursery culture and initial plantation establishment. Tree Physiol. 1998, 18, 195–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Fu, W.J.; Fu, Z.J.; Zhao, K.L.; Tunney, H.; Zhang, C.S. Variation of soil P and other nutrients in a long-term grazed grassland P experiment field. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 2014, 60, 1459–1466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Everett, K.T.; Hawkins, B.J.; Kiiskila, S. Growth and nutrient dynamics of Douglas-fir seedlings raised with exponential or conventional fertilization and planted with or without fertilizer. Can. J. For. Res. 2007, 37, 2552–2562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Jia, H.J.; Ingestad, T.A. Study on optimum nutrient trqurements of Paulownia elongata and Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings. Sci. Silvae Sin. 1989, 25, 1–6. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  20. Dai, W.; Fu, W.J.; Jiang, P.K.; Zhao, K.L.; Li, Y.H.; Tao, J.X. Spatial pattern of carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of a typical subtropical region of southeastern China. Forest Ecol. Mang. 2018, 409, 288–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Yu, Z.Y.; Dong, J.Q.; Fu, W.J.; Ye, Z.Q.; Li, W.Y.; Zhao, K.L. The transfer characteristics of potentially toxic trace elements in different soil-rice systems and their quantitative models in southeastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Fang, X.H.; Zhang, J.C.; Meng, M.J.; Guo, X.P.; Wu, W.Y.; Liu, X.M.; Zhao, K.L.; Ding, L.Z.; Shao, Y.F.; Fu, W.J. Forest-type shift and subsequent intensive management affected soil organic carbon and microbial community in southeastern China. Eur. J. For. Res. 2017, 136, 689–697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Wang, L.P.; Yan, Z.Y.; Li, J.Y.; Wang, J.H.; He, X.; Su, Y.; Chen, B.; Ma, J.W.; Dong, J.L. Effects of exponential fertilization on biomass allocation and root morphology of Catalpa bungei clones. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2012, 32, 7452–7462. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Chen, Q.T. Comparison test and repeatability estimates on Cunninghamia lanceolata clones afforestation. For. Inventory Plann 2012, 35, 140–144. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  25. Wu., W.F.; Lin, H.P.; Fu, W.J.; Penttinen, P.; Li, Y.F.; Jin, J.; Zhao, K.L.; Wu, J.S. Soil organic carbon content and microbial functional diversity were lower in monospecific Chinese hickory stands than in natural Chinese hickory-broad-leaved mixed forests. Forests 2019, 10, 357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Fu, W.J.; Jiang, P.K.; Zhao, K.L.; Zhou, G.M.; Li, Y.F.; Wu, J.S.; Du, H.Q. The carbon storage in Moso Bamboo plantation and its spatial variation in Anji County of southeastern China. J. Soils Sediments 2014, 14, 320–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). A Framework for International Classification, Correlation and Communication; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  28. Ingestad, T.; Lund, A. Nitrogen stress in birch seedling: Growth technique and growth. Physiol. Plant. 1979, 45, 137–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Fu, W.J.; Zhao, K.L.; Zhang, C.S.; Wu, J.S.; Tunney, H. Outlier identification of soil phosphorus and its implication for spatial structure modeling. Precis. Agric. 2016, 17, 121–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Zhao, K.L.; Fu, W.J.; Qiu, Q.Z.; Ye, Z.Q.; Li, Y.F.; Tunney, H.; Dou, C.Y.; Zhou, K.N.; Qian, X.B. Spatial patterns of potentially hazardous metals in paddy soils in a typical electrical waste dismantling area and their pollution characteristics. Geoderma 2019, 337, 453–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Fu, W.J.; Tunney, H.; Zhang, C.S. Spatial variation of soil nutrients in a dairy farm and its implications for site-specific fertilizer application. Soil Till. Res. 2010, 106, 185–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Dai, W.; Zhao, K.L.; Fu, W.J.; Jiang, P.K.; Li, Y.F.; Zhang, C.S.; Gielen, G.; Gong, X.; Li, Y.H.; Wang, H.L.; et al. Spatial variation of organic carbon density in topsoils of a typical subtropical forest, southeastern China. Catena 2018, 167, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Fu, W.J.; Zhao, K.L.; Tunney, H.; Zhang, C.S. Using Moran’s I and geostatistics to identify spatial patterns of soil nutrients in two different long-term phosphorus application plots. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2011, 174, 785–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Wang, R.; Li, J.Y.; Zhang, F.Q.; Zhu, B.Z.; Pan, W. Growing dynamic root system of Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria sinensis seedlings in response to different fertilizing methods. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2011, 31, 98–106. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  35. Hao, L.F.; Wang, Q.C.; Zhang, Y.D.; Xu, Q.X.; Peng, H.M.; Liu, T.Y. Effect of exponential fertilization on biomass and nutrient dynamics of Padus maackii seedlings. Sci. Silv. Sin. 2012, 48, 33–39. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  36. Liu, Z.H.; Liu, Y.; Duan, S.S. Effects of fertilization methods on seedling growth and drought tolerance of Platycladus orientalisunder different water conditions. J. Beijing For. Univ. 2002, 24, 56–60. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  37. Dai, W.; Li, Y.; Fu, W.; Jiang, P.; Zhao, K.; Li, Y.; Penttinen, P. Spatial variability of soil nutrients in forest areas: A case study from subtropical China. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2018, 181, 827–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Fu, W.J.; Zhao, K.L.; Zhang, C.S.; Tunney, H. Using GIS and geostatistics to optimize soil phosphor and magnesium sampling in temperate grassland. Soil Sci. 2013, 178, 240–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Fu, W.J.; Jiang, P.K.; Zhou, G.M.; Zhao, K.L. Using Moran’s I and GIS to study spatial pattern of forest litter carbon density in typical subtropical region, China. Biogeosciences 2014, 11, 2401–2409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Yu, S.Y.; Chen, Z.L.; Zhao, K.L.; Ye, Z.Q.; Zhang, L.Y.; Dong, J.Q.; Shao, Y.F.; Zhang, C.S.; Fu, W.J. Spatial Patterns of Potentially Hazardous Metals in Soils of Lin’an City, Southeastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Wen, G.S.; Tian, H.T.; Zhang, M.R.; Jiang, W.W. Application of chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in forest tree cultivation. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2006, 17, 1973–1977. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  42. Zhao, K.L.; Fu, W.J.; Ye, Z.Q.; Zhang, C.S. Contamination and spatial variation of heavy metals in the soil-rice system in Nanxun county, southeastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 1577–1594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Xu, X.J.; Timmer, V.R. Biomass and nutrient dynamics of Chinese fir seedlings under conventional and exponential fertilization regimes. Plant Soil 1998, 203, 313–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Timmer, V.R.; Armstrong, G. Growth and nutrition of Pinus resinosa seedlings at exponentially increasing nutrient additions. Can. J. For. Res. 1987, 17, 644–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Timmer, V.R.; Munson, A.D. Site-specific growth and nutrient uptake of planted Picea mariana in the Ontario Clay Belt. IV. Nitrogen loading response. Can. J. For. Res. 1991, 21, 1058–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Boivin, J.R.; Miller, B.D.; Timmer, V.R. Later season fertilization of Picea mariana seedlings under greenhouse culture: Biomass and nutrient dynamics. Ann. For. Sci. 2002, 59, 255–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Zhang, W.F.; Gou, L.; Wang, Z.L.; Li, S.K.; Yu, S.L.; Cao, L.P. Effect of nitrogen on chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves of high-yielding cotton in Xinjiang. Sci. Agric. Sin. 2003, 36, 893–898. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  48. Xu, J.K.; Chen, W.; Wang, J.; Fei, X.H. Effects of different fertilization strategies on growth and nutrition characteristics of Machilus thunbergii. Chin. J. Ecol. 2015, 34, 1241–1245. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  49. Salifu, K.F.; Timmet, V. Optimizing nitrogen loading of Picea mariana seedlings during nursery culture. Can. J. For. Res. 2003, 33, 1287–1294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Forests 10 00615 g001 550
Figure 1. Fertilization at different application levels.
Figure 1. Fertilization at different application levels.
Forests 10 00615 g001
Forests 10 00615 g002 550
Figure 2. Plant height and ground diameter of Chinese fir cuttings at different fertilization levels. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). CK: Control; CF: Conventional Fertilization; EF1: Exponential Fertilization 1 (0.5 nitrogen (N) g cuttling−1); EF2: Exponential Fertilization 2 (1.0 N g cutting−1); EF3: Exponential Fertilization 3 (2.0 N g cutting−1).
Figure 2. Plant height and ground diameter of Chinese fir cuttings at different fertilization levels. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). CK: Control; CF: Conventional Fertilization; EF1: Exponential Fertilization 1 (0.5 nitrogen (N) g cuttling−1); EF2: Exponential Fertilization 2 (1.0 N g cutting−1); EF3: Exponential Fertilization 3 (2.0 N g cutting−1).
Forests 10 00615 g002
Forests 10 00615 g003 550
Figure 3. Organ biomass of Chinese fir rooted cuttings influenced by different fertilization levels (Different letters in the same histogram indicate significant difference at 0.05 level).
Figure 3. Organ biomass of Chinese fir rooted cuttings influenced by different fertilization levels (Different letters in the same histogram indicate significant difference at 0.05 level).
Forests 10 00615 g003
Forests 10 00615 g004 550
Figure 4. Organ N-concentration of Chinese fir at different fertilization levels. (Different letters in the same histogram of organs indicate significant difference at 0.05 level).
Figure 4. Organ N-concentration of Chinese fir at different fertilization levels. (Different letters in the same histogram of organs indicate significant difference at 0.05 level).
Forests 10 00615 g004
Forests 10 00615 g005 550
Figure 5. Organ phosphorus (P)-concentration of Chinese fir at different fertilization levels. (Different letters in the same histogram of organs indicate significant difference at 0.05 level).
Figure 5. Organ phosphorus (P)-concentration of Chinese fir at different fertilization levels. (Different letters in the same histogram of organs indicate significant difference at 0.05 level).
Forests 10 00615 g005
Forests 10 00615 g006 550
Figure 6. Organ potassium (K)-concentration of Chinese fir at different fertilization levels. (Different letters in the same histogram of organs indicate significant difference at 0.05 level).
Figure 6. Organ potassium (K)-concentration of Chinese fir at different fertilization levels. (Different letters in the same histogram of organs indicate significant difference at 0.05 level).
Forests 10 00615 g006
Table
Table 1. Ratio of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass under different fertilization levels.
Table 1. Ratio of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass under different fertilization levels.
CKCFEF1EF2EF3
Aboveground biomass/Belowground biomass0.76 ± 0.05 c1.44 ± 0.11 b1.40 ± 0.12 b1.90 ± 0.17 a 1.67 ± 0.13 ab
Different letters in the same row indicate significant difference at 0.05 level.
Table
Table 2. Chlorophyll fluorescence of Chinese fir cuttings under different fertilization levels.
Table 2. Chlorophyll fluorescence of Chinese fir cuttings under different fertilization levels.
Fertilization TreatmentsQPETRYield
CK0.79 ± 0.00 c32.53 ± 0.19 d0.65 ± 0.00 c
CF0.88 ± 0.02 ab32.70 ± 0.37 d0.66 ± 0.01 bc
EF10.85 ± 0.012 b33.72 ± 0.07 c0.67 ± 0.00 b
EF20.89 ± 0.10 a35.79 ± 0.16 a0.71 ± 0.00 a
EF30.87 ± 0.01 ab35.13 ± 0.24 b0.70 ± 0.01 a
QP: The photochemical quenching; ETR: PSII electron transport rate; Yield: photochemical efficiency of PSII. Different letters in the same column indicate significant difference at 0.05 level.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wu, J.; Lin, H.; Guo, L.; Dong, J.; Zhang, L.; Fu, W. Biomass and Nutrients Variation of Chinese Fir Rooted Cuttings under Conventional and Exponential Fertilization Regimes of Nitrogen. Forests 2019, 10, 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080615

AMA Style

Wu J, Lin H, Guo L, Dong J, Zhang L, Fu W. Biomass and Nutrients Variation of Chinese Fir Rooted Cuttings under Conventional and Exponential Fertilization Regimes of Nitrogen. Forests. 2019; 10(8):615. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080615

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Jiasen, Haiping Lin, Lianhua Guo, Jiaqi Dong, Luyao Zhang, and Weijun Fu. 2019. "Biomass and Nutrients Variation of Chinese Fir Rooted Cuttings under Conventional and Exponential Fertilization Regimes of Nitrogen" Forests 10, no. 8: 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080615

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop