Axial Tensile Adhesively Bonded Performance of Carbon Fiber Composite Tubes Under Room-Temperature and Low-Temperature Circulation
Highlights
- The tensile failure limit of the adhesively bonded joint specimen under low-temperature cycling was greater by approximately 61% than those under room- or low-temperature conditions;
- Low-temperature cycling can improve the bearing capacity;
- Adhesive spew fillet exerted an insignificant effect on the bonding strength of the adhesively bonded joints;
- The mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient between titanium alloy and composite improves the performance of bonding interface;
- Different temperature environments have different effects on the bearing strength.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Study
2.1. Specimen Details
- CCC-T-t-S specimens consisted of two carbon fiber three-way tubes adhesively bonded at both ends.
- CCT-T-t-S specimens featured a carbon fiber three-way tube adhesively bonded at one end and a titanium alloy tube at the other end.
- TCT-T-t-P/S specimens comprised two titanium alloy tubes adhesively bonded at both ends.
- T represents the average thickness of the adhesively bonded circular tube.
- t denotes the thickness of the adhesive layer.
- P indicates a perfect lap joint.
- S refers to the adhesive configuration with a spew-fillet at the end of the lap region.
2.2. Test Method
3. Test Results and Discussions
3.1. Influence of Failure Modes at Room Temperature
3.2. Influence of Failure Modes at Low Temperature
3.3. Influence of Failure Modes Under Room–Low–Room-Temperature Cycling
4. Analysis of Failure Load and Lap Shear Strength
5. Conclusions
- Under both room-temperature and low-temperature conditions, the temperature had minimal impact on the tensile failure load of the joints. At room temperature, the primary failure mode observed in the carbon fiber three-way tube was fiber-tear failure. In contrast, at low temperatures (−65 °C), the titanium alloy tube predominantly exhibited adhesive debonding failure at one end of the specimen, while the carbon fiber three-way tube primarily showed fiber-tear failure at the opposite end. The presence of a spew-fillet at the end of the lap region in the adhesive did not significantly enhance the strength of the adhesively bonded joints. Notably, severe shear stress concentration was observed at the end of the lap region across various types of adhesively bonded joints, marking the initial point of joint failure.
- Under simulated conditions of room temperature to low temperature and back to room temperature, the adhesive bonding between the carbon fiber circular tube and the titanium alloy joint achieved the maximum load-bearing capacity 27.522 kN and the highest shear strength 10.956 MPa. The failure mode of the adhesively bonded joints primarily exhibited irregular adhesive interface debonding. These specimens achieved higher failure loads and bonding strengths compared to other groups after undergoing room–low–room-temperature cycling. The tensile failure limit increased by approximately 61% relative to that observed under room-temperature or low-temperature conditions alone; however, the average tensile failure displacement remained relatively low. Following thermal cycling, the bonding strength of the single-lap joints was significantly enhanced.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Properties | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T700/C204 | E1 = 130 GPa | G12 = 5.0 GPa | ν12 = 0.40 | ρ = 1.65 g/cm3 |
E2 = 9.1 GPa | G23 = 4.3 GPa | ν23 = 0.38 | ||
E3 = 9.1 GPa | G31 = 5.0 GPa | ν31 = 0.02 | ||
TC4 | E = 110 GPa | - | ν = 0.34 | ρ = 4.5 g/cm3 |
σ = 1100 MPa | ||||
J-250 | E = 1 GPa | - | ν = 0.3 | ρ = 0.6 g/cm3 |
σ = 24.5 MPa | τ = 25 MPa |
Specimens | Ply Sequences | Adherend Thickness (mm) | Adhesive Thickness (mm) | Single-Lap Forms | No. of Specimens |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCC-T-t-S | [0/±45/0]2S | 2.5/2.5 | 0.15 | Adhesive spew-fillets (25 °C)/ Adhesive spew-fillets (−65 °C) | 3/3 |
CCT-T-t-S | [0/±45/0]2S | 2.5/4.0 | 0.15 | Adhesive spew-fillets (25 °C)/ Adhesive spew-fillets (−65 °C) | 3/3 |
TCT-T-t-P/S | [0/±45/0]2S | 2.5/4.0 | 0.15 | Perfect lap (25~−65~25 °C)/ Adhesive spew-fillets (25~−65~25 °C) | 3/3 |
Specimens | Failure Load/kN | Average Failure Load/kN | Standard Deviation | Shear Strength/MPa | Average Shear Strength/MPa | Standard Deviation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCC-T-t-S (25 °C) | 16.655 | 17.277 | 16.124 | 16.686 | 0.471 | 6.630 | 6.878 | 6.419 | 6.642 | 0.188 |
CCC-T-t-S (−65 °C) | 16.237 | 16.572 | 16.068 | 16.311 | 0.209 | 6.464 | 6.597 | 6.397 | 6.486 | 0.083 |
CCT-T-t-S (25 °C) | 15.939 | 16.365 | 15.787 | 16.030 | 0.245 | 6.345 | 6.515 | 6.285 | 6.382 | 0.097 |
CCT-T-t-S (−65 °C) | 15.976 | 16.315 | 15.847 | 16.046 | 0.197 | 6.360 | 6.495 | 6.309 | 6.388 | 0.078 |
TCT-T-t-S (25 °C~−65 °C~25 °C) | 26.852 | 27.522 | 26.340 | 26.905 | 0.484 | 10.690 | 10.956 | 10.486 | 10.710 | 0.193 |
TCT-T-t-P (25 °C~−65 °C~25 °C) | 26.145 | 26.571 | 25.821 | 26.179 | 0.307 | 10.408 | 10.578 | 10.279 | 10.422 | 0.122 |
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Luo, H.; Wang, Q.; Yang, Y.; Li, T.; Wu, J.; Gong, W.; Feng, H.; He, X. Axial Tensile Adhesively Bonded Performance of Carbon Fiber Composite Tubes Under Room-Temperature and Low-Temperature Circulation. Materials 2025, 18, 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051124
Luo H, Wang Q, Yang Y, Li T, Wu J, Gong W, Feng H, He X. Axial Tensile Adhesively Bonded Performance of Carbon Fiber Composite Tubes Under Room-Temperature and Low-Temperature Circulation. Materials. 2025; 18(5):1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051124
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Haibo, Qian Wang, Yanchu Yang, Tao Li, Jun Wu, Wentao Gong, Hui Feng, and Xiaohui He. 2025. "Axial Tensile Adhesively Bonded Performance of Carbon Fiber Composite Tubes Under Room-Temperature and Low-Temperature Circulation" Materials 18, no. 5: 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051124
APA StyleLuo, H., Wang, Q., Yang, Y., Li, T., Wu, J., Gong, W., Feng, H., & He, X. (2025). Axial Tensile Adhesively Bonded Performance of Carbon Fiber Composite Tubes Under Room-Temperature and Low-Temperature Circulation. Materials, 18(5), 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051124