Fabrication of Compliant and Transparent Hollow Cerebral Vascular Phantoms for In Vitro Studies Using 3D Printing and Spin–Dip Coating
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
- Build the CAD model of the vessel surface (idealised model) or obtain the 3D surface of the vessel from medical images through segmentation (patient-specific model);
- Obtain the inner mould of the vessel surface by 3D printing a water-soluble material. Two printing techniques, stereolithography and fused-deposition modelling, were compared for the production of the water-soluble inner mould;
- Post-process the 3D-printed mould;
- Manually encase the inner mould in transparent silicone using a spin–dip coating technique;
- Dissolve the water-soluble mould and extract the silicone model.
2.1. Vessel Design
- Idealised models of a cerebral internal carotid artery characterised by the presence of a saccular aneurysm (Figure 2A);
2.2. 3D Printing
2.2.1. Fusion Deposition Modelling
2.2.2. Stereolithography
2.3. Post-Processing
2.4. Coating
2.5. Dissolving Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Inner Mould: 3D Printing Technique Comparison
3.2. Final Models: Evaluation
3.3. Silicone Layer: Material Characterisation
3.4. Final Model: Thickness Quantification
3.5. Final Model: Transparency Evaluation
- A single-silicone-layer model obtained with the workflow proposed here (S1);
- A triple-silicone-layer model obtained with the workflow proposed here (S2);
- A model printed using a transparent rigid resin (S3). The resin used was Somos WaterClear Ultra 10122 (Covestro Additive Manufacturing, Geleen, The Netherlands) and was 3D-printed using an SLA 3500 3D printer (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA).
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layer Height [mm] | Printing Temperature [°C] | Build Plate Temperature [°C] | Print Speed [mm/s] |
---|---|---|---|
0.075 | 194 | 70 | 70 |
Layer Height [mm] | Layer Exposure Time [s] | Bottom Layers Exposure Time [s] | Bottom Layers [–] | Exposure Off Time [s] | z-Lift Distance [mm] | Platform Lift Distance [mm/min] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | 20 | 170 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 100 |
Density 23 °C [g/cm3] | Hardness Durometer A | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Elongation at Break [%] | Tear Strength [kN/m] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.03 | 28 | 3.5 | 450 | 12 |
Structure | Elastic Modulus MPa |
---|---|
Aneurysm fundi | 1.7 ± 0.8 |
Aneurysm necks | 3.1 ± 0.9 |
Arteries | 2.5 ± 1.1 |
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Bisighini, B.; Di Giovanni, P.; Scerrati, A.; Trovalusci, F.; Vesco, S. Fabrication of Compliant and Transparent Hollow Cerebral Vascular Phantoms for In Vitro Studies Using 3D Printing and Spin–Dip Coating. Materials 2023, 16, 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010166
Bisighini B, Di Giovanni P, Scerrati A, Trovalusci F, Vesco S. Fabrication of Compliant and Transparent Hollow Cerebral Vascular Phantoms for In Vitro Studies Using 3D Printing and Spin–Dip Coating. Materials. 2023; 16(1):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010166
Chicago/Turabian StyleBisighini, Beatrice, Pierluigi Di Giovanni, Alba Scerrati, Federica Trovalusci, and Silvia Vesco. 2023. "Fabrication of Compliant and Transparent Hollow Cerebral Vascular Phantoms for In Vitro Studies Using 3D Printing and Spin–Dip Coating" Materials 16, no. 1: 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010166