Progress in Preparation of Sea Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation of Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles
2.1. Preparation of Solid Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles
2.1.1. Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Growth
- (1)
- Two-step method
- Template-assisted precursor conversion method
- b.
- Template-free precursor conversion method
- (2)
- One-step method
2.1.2. Other Methods
2.2. Preparation of Sea Urchin-like Composite Micro-Nanoparticles
2.2.1. Coated Urchin-like Nanoparticles
2.2.2. Decorative Urchin-like Nanoparticles
2.3. Preparation of Sea Urchin-Shaped Hollow Micro-/Nanoparticles
2.3.1. Step-by-Step Method
2.3.2. Synchronizing Method
3. Applications
3.1. Photocatalyst
3.2. Electrochemical
3.3. Other Applications
4. Conclusions and Outlook
4.1. Conclusions
4.2. Outlook
- (1)
- The preparation method of urchin-like hollow microspheres is not advanced and is still in the stage of experimental exploration. There are few studies on the preparation of urchin-like inorganic hollow microspheres with itself as the template, which mostly requires a multi-step process, which is time-consuming and laborious. At the same time, the urchin-like hollow microspheres prepared by the existing methods usually have low morphology regularity, a large size, and poor stability. Therefore, developing new and more effective preparation methods to make the reaction conditions mild, controllable, environmentally friendly, and with a low cost, as well as make the prepared sea urchin-like inorganic hollow microspheres have a regular structure, small particle size, and uniformity is one of the main research directions in the future.
- (2)
- At present, the prepared urchin-like hollow microspheres have developed from single shell to a multi-shell structure, and the application performance of the materials has been greatly improved. However, most multi-shell urchin-like hollow composite microspheres are often prepared and play a role alone. How to obtain urchin-like hollow microspheres with a multi-shell at the same time is still facing challenges.
- (3)
- Because the urchin-like hollow microspheres have inner and outer surfaces and one-dimensional nanorods, they have a larger specific surface area and higher quantum yield than solid microspheres. However, at present, the research on the properties of urchin-like hollow microspheres is not in-depth, which has certain limitations for expanding their applications in various fields. Therefore, in-depth study on the correlation between structural parameters and properties of urchin-like hollow microspheres is significant for the development and application of urchin-like hollow microspheres.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Material | Solvent | Surfactant | BET Surface Area | Particle Size (Diameter) | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hydrothermal | Co3O4 | deionized water | CTAB | - | 5–7 µm | lithium ion battery | [36] |
deionized water | - | 165 m2/g | 3 µm | energy storage | [51] | ||
CoNiP | deionized water | PEG-2000 | - | 2–5 µm | Hydrogen evolution reaction catalytic | [37] | |
In2O3 | ethanol | SDS | 58.6 m2/g | 1 µm | O3 gas sensor devices | [38] | |
NiO | deionized water | - | - | 1 µm | - | [41] | |
CoP | deionized water | - | - | 5 µm | electrocatalysts | [42] | |
NiCo2S4 | deionized water | - | 20.33 m2/g | 4 µm | high-rate supercapacitors | [43] | |
γ-MnS | distilled water, EG | - | 34.55 m2/g | 4–5 µm | photocatalytic | [44] | |
Bi2S3 | deionized water | - | - | 6–8 µm | - | [45] | |
DMF, deionized water | - | - | 2 µm | photocatalyst | [46] | ||
NiFeP | DMF | 118.9 m2/g | 5 µm | photocatalyst | [26] | ||
NiCo2O4 | deionized water | - | 158.6 m2/g | 4 µm | supercapacitors | [47] | |
SrCO3 | deionized water | - | - | 4 µm | capacitor | [48] | |
α-Fe2O3 | deionized water | glucose | 151.2 m2/g | 0.5–1.0 µm | - | [39] | |
Fe3O4 | deionized water | glucose | - | 0.5–1.0 µm | microwave absorbing | [40] | |
ZnO | deionized water | - | - | 5–10 µm | Photocatalytic | [49] | |
MnCo-selenide | deionized water | - | - | 4.28 µm | capacitors | [52] | |
electrodeposition-hydrothermal | ZnMn2O4 | ethanol and deionizer water | sodium 王citrate | 25.34 m2/g | 500 nm | electrodes | [53] |
thermal decomposition | α-Fe2O3 | deionized water | - | 60.24 m2/g | 400 nm–2.5 µm | electrodes | [54] |
seeding growth approach | Au | deionized water | SDS | - | 40 nm | - | [64] |
hydrolyzing-heat-treating | Au | deionized water | sodium 王citrate | - | 40 nm | - | [65] |
Au | Citrate, deionized water | hydroquinone | - | 50–200 nm | - | [66] | |
- | Ni | deionized water | Na2CO3 | 4.29 m2/g | 1.28–2.55 µm | - | [56] |
- | V2O5 | ethylene glycol, deionized water | - | - | 2–3 µm | - | [50] |
W/O microemulsion approach | CdSe | n-octane, 1-butanol, deionized water | CTAB | 13.14 m2/g | 2.5–3.5 µm | - | [57] |
thermal oxidation | ZnO | - | - | - | photocatalytic | [58] | |
microwave-assisted method | TiO2 | toluene | - | - | 2–3 µm | photocatalytic | [60] |
self-assembly | Polyaniline | deionized water | - | 24.5 m2/g | 2.5 µm | electrorheological | [61] |
ethanol | - | - | 10 µm | electrochemical | [63] |
Material [Ref.] | Inner Diameter | Outer Diameter | Template | BET Surface Area | Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO | 3 µm | 4.3 µm | Polystyrene microsphere | - | - | [82] |
- | 5–6 µm | glucose monohydrate | 36.1 m2/g | EM wave absorption | [83] | |
40 µm | 50 µm | - | - | - | [80] | |
1 µm | 1.8 µm | - | - | - | [86] | |
2 µm | 4 µm | H2 | - | solar cells | [93] | |
Polyaniline | 280 nm | 400 nm | Hollow polystyrene microsphere | - | - | [85] |
- | 1.5 mm | sulfonated polystyrene microsphere | - | Electrochemical Energy Storage | [92] | |
TiO2 | 600 nm | 1 µm | - | 230 m2/g | Photocatalysis | [87] |
- | 3 µm | O2 | 251.2 m2/g | electrorheological | [95] | |
TiO2@Ag | 200 nm | 600 nm | SiO2 | - | surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor | [84] |
Fe2O3 | 600 nm | 0.9 µm | CO, CO2 | 30.68 m2/g | - | [94] |
Fe3O4 @PDA-Ag | 200 nm. | 350 nm | - | 48.04 m2/g | catalytic | [91] |
α-MnO2 | 1.4 µm | 2 µm | - | 132 m2/g | - | [88] |
Gold | 23–45 nm | 104 nm | Ag nanoparticle | - | [89] | |
γ-Al2O3 | - | 2.5 µm | P123 | 210.2 m2/g | - | [96] |
Co3O4 | 1–2 µm | 5–8 µm | - | - | Lithium-ion batteries- | [90] |
800 nm | 1.0 µm | - | - | Lithium-ion batteries | [99] | |
MoS2/NiCo2S4@C | 500 nm | 2 µm | Molybdenum-Glycerate nanospheres | 100.31 m2/g | electrode | [98] |
V2O5 | 670–730 nm | 3–4 m | - | - | photodetector | [97] |
Material | BET Surface Area | Particle Size (Diameter) | Solvent | Specific Capacitance | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BU-TiO2–X/Ag3PO4 | - | - | deionized water | - | Photocatalytic, antibacterial | [67] |
MgCo2O4@polypyrrole | - | 9–12 µm | deionized water | 1079.6 F/g at 1 A/g | supercapacitor | [68] |
ZnO/Au/graphitic 王carbon nitride | 45.2 m2/g | 5 µm | deionized water | - | photocathodes | [69] |
ZnO/TiO2 | 9.5 m2/g | 5 µm | - | - | photocatalytic | [71] |
carbon | 159.5 m2/g | 550–630 nm | deionized water | 230 F/g at 0.5 A/g | supercapacitors | [70] |
NiO-NiCo2O4 | - | 5 µm | deionized water | Li–O2 batteries | [73] | |
Bi2S3/Ag | 2 µm | DMF | photocatalysts | [75] | ||
metal/WO3 | 102 m2/g | 1.5 µm | - | photocatalytic | [74] | |
Al-doped MnO2 | - | - | deionized water | 101 F/g at 5 A/g | - | [76] |
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Ma, R.; Xiang, L.; Zhao, X.; Yin, J. Progress in Preparation of Sea Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles. Materials 2022, 15, 2846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082846
Ma R, Xiang L, Zhao X, Yin J. Progress in Preparation of Sea Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles. Materials. 2022; 15(8):2846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082846
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Ruijing, Liqin Xiang, Xiaopeng Zhao, and Jianbo Yin. 2022. "Progress in Preparation of Sea Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles" Materials 15, no. 8: 2846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082846