Effectiveness of Concrete Reinforcement with Recycled Tyre Steel Fibres
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Composition of Concrete with Fibres
- Maximum content of cement CEM 42.5 R 350 kg/m3;
- Maximum aggregate size 16 mm, natural, uncrushed, silica-based;
- Water/cement ratio 0.55;
- Flexural tensile strength 4.3 ± 0.3 MPa (min. concrete class C25/30);
- Consistency of mix tested with the Vebe V3 method (from 6 to 10 s).
2.2.2. Consistency of Concrete with Fibres
2.2.3. Residual Flexural Tensile Strength
2.2.4. Work of Fracture
2.2.5. Toughness Indices I5, I10, I20
2.2.6. Microscopic Analysis
2.2.7. Fibre Distribution Imaging with Computer Tomography
3. Results
3.1. Consistency
3.2. Residual Flexural Tensile Strength
3.3. Work of Fracture
3.4. Toughness Indices
3.5. Microscopic Analysis
3.6. Fibre Distribution with Computer Tomography Method
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The prerequisite for effective concrete reinforcement with recycled tyre steel fibres is their high purity, with the lowest possible amount of rubber and textile contaminants and steel dust. Such fibres may only be obtained after the purification of the original steel cord obtained from tyres.
- Recycled tyre steel fibres (RTSFs) were added to concrete in the same amount as industrial steel fibres (MSFs) used as scattered reinforcement for concrete, with all tests made and analysed comparatively.
- The geometric characteristics of recycled tyre steel fibres (RTSFs), which are a mix of hybrid fibres of different lengths, diameters, and irregular shapes, are advantageous and contribute to achieving effective microcrack bridging in the cement matrix even better than MSFs.
- The rheological properties of concrete mixes determined by a consistency test revealed that RTSFs had a slightly higher reduction in consistency than MSFs, especially at high fibre contents. Still, this reduction was not high enough to be considered a technological issue in this regard. Concrete mixes, even those containing large amounts of RTSFs and MSFs, were homogeneous in terms of fibre distribution, with no signs of segregation. The fibre distribution examination with computer tomography confirmed the homogenous and uniform distribution of fibres in concrete and no local fibre clusters.
- The properties of residual flexural tensile strength showed that at 10 and 20 kg/m3, concrete with RTSFs had lower values than that with MSFs, although concrete with the addition of 30 to 40 kg/m3 of RTSFs received higher values by about 20 and 15%, respectively. For a CMOD higher than 0.5–1.5 mm, the residual flexural strength for concrete with RTSFs was lower than that for concrete with MSFs.
- The effectiveness of reinforcing the concrete might be measured by the fracture toughness, described as the work of fracture, referring to the total areas under the load–deflection curve, which is a new approach compared to other studies devoted to the subject matter. In the case of the work of fracture for 10 and 20 kg/m3 of the fibres, it was shown that concrete with RTSFs had lower fracture resistance than that with MSFs; however, at 30 and 40 kg/m3, the fracture resistance determined by work of fracture was similar for both types of concrete (containing RTSFs and MSFs, respectively). The efficiency of concrete reinforcement as determined by fracture mechanics parameters increases as the content of recycled tyre steel fibres in concrete increases.
- The identified fracture toughness indices, which are the measure of a fracture’s resistance at the initial stage, right after the first fracture, revealed that the higher the RTSF content in the concrete, the higher the fracture’s toughness indices. For the content of 20, 30, and 40 kg/m3, concrete with RTSFs revealed equivalent or even higher fracture toughness indicators than concrete containing MSFs.
- The microstructure of fractures of concrete with MSFs and of concrete with RTSFs was proper, with the fibres being anchored to the grout well and cement hydration products being visible on the surface of the fibres. These observations confirmed the good adhesion of the fibres to the grout. The good adhesion of RTSFs to the cement matrix resulted from the additional purifying process, which made the RTSFs’ surfaces more developed.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Fibre | Length (mm) | Diameter (mm) | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSF | 50.5 | 1.00 | hooked-end steel fibres, homogeneous, round cross-section | ||
RTSF | interval | median | interval | median | hybrid fibres of various lengths and diameters, treated (rubber and textile contaminants < 0.5%) |
7.4–81.6 | 40.2 | 0.17–1.34 | 0.23 |
Type of Fibre | Average Diameter of Fibres (mm) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|
RTSF | 0.30 ± 0.08 | 1418 ± 54 | 158.8 ± 22.5 |
1.34 ± 0.06 | 1653 ± 40 | 191.8 ± 31.2 | |
MSF | 1.00 ± 0.04 | 1082 ± 26 | 201.6 ± 17.8 |
Component | Content (kg/m3) |
---|---|
Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R | 310 |
Tap water | 171 |
Natural aggregate 0/2 mm (sand) | 432 |
Natural silica-based aggregate 2/8 mm (gravel) | 902 |
Natural silica-based aggregate 8/16 (gravel) | 545 |
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Michalik, A.; Chyliński, F.; Bobrowicz, J.; Pichór, W. Effectiveness of Concrete Reinforcement with Recycled Tyre Steel Fibres. Materials 2022, 15, 2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072444
Michalik A, Chyliński F, Bobrowicz J, Pichór W. Effectiveness of Concrete Reinforcement with Recycled Tyre Steel Fibres. Materials. 2022; 15(7):2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072444
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalik, Agnieszka, Filip Chyliński, Jan Bobrowicz, and Waldemar Pichór. 2022. "Effectiveness of Concrete Reinforcement with Recycled Tyre Steel Fibres" Materials 15, no. 7: 2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072444