Experimental Study on the Development of Fly Ash Foam Concrete Containing Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportion
2.3. Mechanical Properties
2.4. Thermal Analysis
2.4.1. Thermal Properties Analysis (DSC)
2.4.2. Thermal Conductivity
2.4.3. Experimental Program of Heat Cycle Test
2.4.4. Preparation of Heat Cyclic Test Samples
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Strength Test
3.2. Density Test
3.3. DSC and Thermal Analysis
Effects of the Heating and Cooling Process on the Results of DSC
3.4. Thermal Conductivity
3.5. Thermocycle Analysis
3.6. Microstructure Analysis
4. Conclusions
- As a result of mechanical tests, the 28 day compressive strength of both PCM6D-30% and PCM-18D-30% were 3.5 MPa and 4.5 MPa, respectively. Both types of fly ash foam concrete have sufficient mechanical properties to be used in applications such as the ALC panel with compressive strength of 3 MPa.
- The results of the DSC test showed that it indicates that all types of PCM foam concrete performed as predicted, melting and freezing within the exact temperature rates and the energy storage capacity increased with amount of PCM in the foam concrete. PCM18D-30% had a latent heat capacity of 19.2 °C and 44.7 J/g in liquid and solid phase with melting and freezing temperatures of 9.4 °C and 41.7 J/g, which was highest of all other types.
- The results of thermal conductivity showed that the increasing substitution level of PCM composite attributes to the low thermal conductivity from the PCM6D and PCM18D composites (in the range of 0.1–0.3 W/m.K).
- The results of the thermocycle analysis found that PCM foam concrete types performed well, maintaining the temperature within the range for a certain period of time. The highest maintained temperature was found for PCM18D, for which the temperature delay was the longest, around 8 h.
- As a result of SEM analysis, the microencapsulate PCM kept their spherical shapes without virtually any cracks or damage. The OM mixer was shown to be highly effective for mixing PCMs in the foam concrete, which is one of the fundamental findings of this research.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Nature | Size μm | Melting (°C) | Heat of Fusion (J/g) | Solid Content % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCM6D | Dry | 15.0–30.0 | 4 to 8 | 181 | 97.0–100.0 |
PCM18D | Dry | 15.0–30.0 | 16 to 20 | 215 | 97.0–100.0 |
SIO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | Glass | p (g/cm3) | Ig.loss | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japan FA-II [27] | 64.5 | 23.9 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 1.5 | 77.1 | 3.14 | 2.10 |
SO3 | Cl | Na2Oeq | MgO | C3S | C2S | C3A | C4AF | Ig.loss | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RHC | 2.99 | 0.007 | 0.44 | 1.18 | 64 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 1.05 |
Mix Designation | Cement (kg) | Fly Ash (wt.%) 10% | W/C 0.3 | PCM (wt.%) 10–30% | SP (kg) 1% | Foam (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No-PCM (0%) | 4.50 | 0.45 | 1.35 | 0 | 0.045 | 320 |
PCM 6D (10%) | 3.15 | 0.45 | 0.94 | 0.45 | 0.045 | 450 |
PCM 6D (30%) | 2.25 | 0.45 | 0.67 | 1.35 | 0.045 | 900 |
PCM 18D (10%) | 3.15 | 0.45 | 0.94 | 0.45 | 0.045 | 420 |
PCM 18D (30%) | 2.25 | 0.45 | 0.67 | 1.35 | 0.045 | 890 |
(Density Control) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mix Designation | (wt.%) | Curing Condition | Curing Period (d) | Fresh Density (Kg/m3) | Dry Density (Kg/m3) | Consistency (%) | Stability (%) |
No-PCM | 0 | 40 °C R.H-95% | 3 | 1044 | 1021 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
7 | 1044 | 1016 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
14 | 1044 | 1012 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
28 | 1044 | 1008 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
PCM6D-10% | 10 | 40 °C R.H-95% | 3 | 955 | 955 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
7 | 955 | 910 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
14 | 955 | 895 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |||
28 | 955 | 871 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |||
PCM6D-30% | 30 | 40 °C R.H-95% | 3 | 1062 | 928 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
7 | 1062 | 773 | 1.1 | 1.4 | |||
14 | 1062 | 770 | 1.1 | 1.4 | |||
28 | 1062 | 730 | 1.1 | 1.5 | |||
PCM18D-10% | 10 | 40 °C R.H-95% | 3 | 1003 | 1086 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
7 | 1003 | 1031 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
14 | 1003 | 1027 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
28 | 1003 | 1000 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
PCM18D-30% | 30 | 40 °C R.H-95% | 3 | 1050 | 957 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
7 | 1050 | 871 | 1.1 | 1.2 | |||
14 | 1050 | 839 | 1.1 | 1.3 | |||
28 | 1050 | 826 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
Designation | Melting | Freezing | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Onset Temp. (°C) | End Temp. (°C) | Peak Enthalpy (J/g) | Peak Temp. (°C) | Onset Temp. (°C) | End Temp. (°C) | Peak Enthalpy (J/g) | Peak Temp. (°C) | |||
PCM6D | 10% | 10 °C/min | −6.40 | 9.57 | 3.19 | 5.48 | −1.31 | −11.26 | 3.69 | −3.78 |
5 °C/min | −4.55 | 10.04 | 3.01 | 5.05 | −0.27 | −8.60 | 3.83 | −3.32 | ||
2 °C/min | −6.75 | 7.72 | 3.10 | 4.81 | 12.24 | −8.02 | 3.65 | −2.80 | ||
1 °C/min | −7.21 | 7.37 | 3.23 | 4.80 | 13.97 | −8.14 | 3.54 | −2.74 | ||
0.5 °C/min | −4.55 | 6.68 | 3.02 | 4.75 | 6.92 | −7.36 | 3.17 | −2.74 | ||
30% | 10 °C/min | −6.98 | 12.93 | 10.60 | 6.21 | −1.42 | −13.35 | 9.35 | −4.73 | |
5 °C/min | −6.86 | 9.81 | 11.54 | 5.36 | −0.96 | −9.87 | 9.55 | −3.74 | ||
2 °C/min | −9.64 | 7.61 | 10.85 | 4.95 | 11.06 | −12.19 | 11.25 | −3.16 | ||
1 °C/min | −7.21 | 7.61 | 11.76 | 4.94 | 0.08 | −8.37 | 8.44 | −3.03 | ||
0.5 °C/min | −6.98 | 6.33 | 10.61 | 4.8 | 10.15 | −11.15 | 12.34 | −2.81 | ||
PCM18D | 10% | 10 °C/min | 4.25 | 24.97 | 10.13 | 18.00 | 13.28 | −0.03 | 9.36 | 11.04 |
5 °C/min | 4.02 | 22.43 | 11.46 | 17.32 | 14.09 | −6.40 | 10.13 | 12.06 | ||
2 °C/min | 4.94 | 20.23 | 9.86 | 17.22 | 14.21 | −7.44 | 10.44 | 12.32 | ||
1 °C/min | 3.90 | 19.30 | 10.90 | 16.92 | 14.78 | −0.03 | 12.06 | 12.79 | ||
0.5 °C/min | 4.48 | 18.60 | 10.13 | 16.92 | 14.09 | 0.43 | 9.25 | 12.77 | ||
30% | 10 °C/min | −8.72 | 29.26 | 44.73 | 19.24 | 13.16 | −14.04 | 41.76 | 9.46 | |
5 °C/min | −7.10 | 22.31 | 38.66 | 17.74 | 13.51 | −14.39 | 38.28 | 11.48 | ||
2 °C/min | −0.73 | 20.92 | 37.70 | 17.46 | 13.86 | −8.37 | 37.24 | 12.04 | ||
1 °C/min | −1.19 | 19.99 | 35.31 | 17.26 | 14.44 | −6.63 | 32.49 | 12.40 | ||
0.5 °C/min | −4.32 | 18.6 | 34.91 | 17.06 | 14.21 | −5.82 | 27.19 | 12.60 |
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Bat-Erdene, P.-E.; Pareek, S. Experimental Study on the Development of Fly Ash Foam Concrete Containing Phase Change Materials (PCMs). Materials 2022, 15, 8428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238428
Bat-Erdene P-E, Pareek S. Experimental Study on the Development of Fly Ash Foam Concrete Containing Phase Change Materials (PCMs). Materials. 2022; 15(23):8428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238428
Chicago/Turabian StyleBat-Erdene, Purev-Erdene, and Sanjay Pareek. 2022. "Experimental Study on the Development of Fly Ash Foam Concrete Containing Phase Change Materials (PCMs)" Materials 15, no. 23: 8428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238428