Flake Graphene as an Efficient Agent Governing Cellular Fate and Antimicrobial Properties of Fibrous Tissue Engineering Scaffolds—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electrospinning as a Satisfactory Method for Producing Micro- and Nano-Sized Fibers
3. Graphene—Properties, Synthesis, and Applications
4. Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity of Graphene Oxide GO and Reduced Graphene Oxide rGO
4.1. Toxicity towards Bacteria and Fungi
4.2. Cytotoxicity of Graphene Derivatives
4.3. The Antimicrobial Mechanisms of GO and rGO
4.4. Antiviral Properties of Graphene Derivatives
5. Effects of Modifications by Graphene Derivatives
5.1. Efect of Modifications by GO/rGO on the Cellular Response of Mammalian Cells
5.2. Effects of Modifications by GO/rGO on Antibacterial Properties
6. Conclusions and Future Remarks
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Studied Organism | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
GO | E. coli | The loss of viability at: 69.3% after 1 h to 89.7% after 4 h [40 µg/mL]; 91.6% at 1 h [80 µg/mL] | [75] |
rGO | E. coli | The loss of viability at: 47.4% after 1 h to 74.9% after 4 h [40 µg/mL]; 76.8% after 1 h [80 µg/mL] | [75] |
GO/rGO | E. coli | The loss of viability at: above 98.5% after 2 h [85 µg/mL] | [76] |
GO/rGO paper | E. coli | No cell growth on GO paper, some number of E. coli colonies on rGO paper compared to control group | [76] |
GO | E. coli | The loss of viability is depending on the size of GO sheets; i.e., the smaller the GO sheet, the higher is the loss of viability | [77] |
GO | Mammalian cell line—A549 | The loss of viability at: 30% after 2 h and 50% after 24 h [85 µg/mL], (mild cytotoxicity) | [76] |
rGO | Mammalian cell line—A549 | The loss of viability at: above 75% after 2 h [85 µg/mL] (high cytotoxicity) | [76] |
GO | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | The loss of viability at: 70% after 2 h to 85% after 4 h [100 µg/mL], above 90% after 2 h [150 µg/mL] | [78] |
rGO | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | The loss of viability at: 60% after 2 h to 85% after 4 h [100 µg/mL], above 90% after 2 h [150 µg/mL] | [78] |
GO | Ralstonia solanacearum | The loss of viability at: 60% after 2 h [100 µg/mL], above 90% after 2 h [250 µg/mL] | [79] |
rGO | Ralstonia solanacearum | The loss of viability at: 5% after 2 h [100 µg/mL], above 15% after 2 h [250 µg/mL] | [79] |
GO | Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae | The loss of viability at: 19.4% after 1 h to 66.1% after 4 h [50 µg/mL]; 47.8% after 1 h to 88.6% after 4 h [250 µg/mL] | [80] |
rGO | Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae | The loss of viability at: 10.8% after 1 h to 24.8% after 4 h [50 µg/mL]; 12.9% after 1 h to 30.5% after 4 h [250 µg/mL] | [80] |
rGO | A. niger, A. oryzae, F. oxysporum (fungi) | Concentrations of rGO above 250 µg/mL almost completely inhibited fungi growth | [81] |
Field of Regenerative Medicine | Polymer | Cell Type | Modifier Substance | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
myocardial regeneration | polyurethane | stem cells | rGO | increased adhesion to substrate, improved proliferation; differentiation of cells into myocardial cells | [9] |
skeletal muscle regeneration | polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile | stem cells | GO/rGO | increased adhesion to the substrate, improved cell proliferation, differentiation | [94] |
regeneration of the nervous system | polyhydroxyalkanolane (PHA) | Schwann cells | rGO/Au | promoting proliferation and migration | [109] |
myocardial regeneration/regeneration of the nervous system | poly(esteramid) (PEA), chitosan | stem cells | rGO | differentiation | [97] |
cartilage regeneration | poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) | ATDC9 cells | rGO/PDA | improved proliferation, increased cell adhesion and biocompatibility | [98] |
regeneration of the nervous system | polycaprolactone-gelatin (PG) | ENPC cells | GO/rGO | promoting proliferation, migration and differentiation | [99] |
regeneration of the nervous system/bone regeneration | polycaprolactone | mMSC cells, PC12-L cells | GO/rGO | promoted adhesion, spreading and maturation, significantly increased differentiation | [100] |
regeneration of the nervous system | antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (ApF), poly(L-lactic acid-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) | Schwann cells, PC12 cells | GO/rGO | promoted migration and proliferation of Schwann cells and growth and differentiation of PC12 cells | [101] |
regeneration of the nervous system | poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) | MC3T3-E1 cells | HA/GO | promoting proliferation and adhesion | [102] |
regeneration of the nervous system | silk fibroin (SF) | NG108-15 cells | GO/rGO | promote proliferation and metabolic activity | [103] |
skin regeneration | chitosan | NCTC fibroblasts | rGO/TEPA | promote cell viability and proliferation | [104] |
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Banasiak, A.I.; Racki, A.; Małek, M.; Chlanda, A. Flake Graphene as an Efficient Agent Governing Cellular Fate and Antimicrobial Properties of Fibrous Tissue Engineering Scaffolds—A Review. Materials 2022, 15, 5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155306
Banasiak AI, Racki A, Małek M, Chlanda A. Flake Graphene as an Efficient Agent Governing Cellular Fate and Antimicrobial Properties of Fibrous Tissue Engineering Scaffolds—A Review. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155306
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanasiak, Aleksandra Izabela, Adrian Racki, Marcin Małek, and Adrian Chlanda. 2022. "Flake Graphene as an Efficient Agent Governing Cellular Fate and Antimicrobial Properties of Fibrous Tissue Engineering Scaffolds—A Review" Materials 15, no. 15: 5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155306