Effects of Elevated Temperature on the Residual Behavior of Concrete Containing Marble Dust and Foundry Sand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportions
2.3. Casting of Specimens
2.4. Heating Regime
2.5. Cooling Regimes
2.6. Specimens under Raised Temperature
2.7. Compressive Strength
2.8. Flexural Strength
2.9. Tensile Strength
2.10. Static Elastic Modulus
2.11. Dynamic Elastic Modulus
2.12. Water Absorption
2.13. Mass Loss
2.14. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Compressive Strength after the Elevated Temperature in Case of Annealing
3.2. Compressive Strength after the Elevated Temperature in Case of Quenching
3.3. Flexural Strength at Annealing
3.4. Flexural Strength at Quenching
3.5. Tensile Strength at Annealing
3.6. Tensile Strength at Quenching
3.7. Static Modulus of Elasticity
3.8. Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
3.9. Water Absorption
3.10. Mass Loss
3.11. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
4. Conclusions
- (i)
- The compressive strength of concrete samples tested at ambient temperature (29 °C) increased by 10.7% when 10% of the cement was replaced by marble dust and fine sand was replaced by foundry sand, and decreased by 11% when 20% of the cement was replaced by marble dust and fine sand was replaced by foundry sand, and at elevated temperatures increased by 21.5% in the case of annealing and 16.3% in the case of quenching under up to 400 °C elevated temperature on 10% replacement of cement by marble dust and fine sand replaced by foundry sand, and then decreased 54.8% and 52.5% as the temperature increased from 600 °C to 1000 °C in cases of annealing and quenching. This is related to the creation of tiny fractures in both normal and marble dust and foundry sand concrete owing to the breakdown of C-S-H gel along with the voids and empty water capillaries
- (ii)
- The flexural strength of concrete samples tested at elevated temperatures increased by 12.7% with a 5% replacement of marble dust and foundry sand in the case of annealing and 15.6% with a 10% replacement of marble dust and foundry sand in the case of quenching up to 400 °C, and then decreased by 40% and 51.7% with an increase in temperature ranging from 600 °C to 1000 °C elevated temperature in case of annealing and quenching. The rapid drop in flexural strength is attributed to the development of widening fractures around 1000 °C. However, the connection between aggregate and cement pastes is weakened by shrinkage produced by the evaporation of free water and chemically bound water from the cement paste.
- (iii)
- The tensile strength of concrete samples tested at elevated temperatures increased by 31.1% in the case of annealing and 16.9% in the case of quenching under up to 400 °C elevated temperature on 10% replacement of cement by marble dust and fine sand replaced by foundry sand, and then decreased by 52.5% and 53.3% in cases of annealing and quenching as the temperature increased from 600 °C to 1000 °C.
- (iv)
- The percentage reduction in static modulus was increased with elevated temperature; at 1000 °C the reduction was higher for concrete containing marble dust and foundry sand (77.4% for 5% and 86.9% for 20% replacement) than the control mix (72.7%). Similarly, for dynamic modulus the percentage reduction was increased with elevated temperature, at 1000 °C was higher for concrete containing marble dust and foundry sand (76% for 5% and 94.1% for 20% replacement) than for the control mix (81.5%). The larger decrease can be ascribed to the decomposition of marble dust and foundry sand, which causes cracks and voids in the cement paste matrix, causing the concrete structure to weaken.
- (v)
- Water absorption was measured at 13.3% by weight up to 400 °C for 10% replacement, suggesting that pores did not expand significantly as the temperature rose. However, at higher temperatures (1000 °C), it increased by approximately three times, indicating fast degradation in all mixtures.
- (vi)
- The mass loss of concrete containing marble dust and foundry sand was similar to the control mix when subjected to a temperature up to 400 °C. In both situations, this is due to water loss from the matrix owing to evaporation. Because of the development of voids in concrete, a higher mass loss of 40.7% was observed for marble dust and foundry sand concrete samples exposed at 600 °C and beyond.
- (vii)
- Although all concrete mixes have UPV values of more than 3.2 km/s, as specified by IS 13311 (Part 1): 1992, up to 600 °C, temperature increases porosity in concrete mixes, resulting in lower UPV values.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | K2O | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage | 60.5 | 22.5 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.87 |
Ingredient | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage | 40.45 | 28.35 | 0.42 | 9.70 | 16.25 |
Ingredient | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | TiO2 | Na2O | K2O | SO3 | Mn3O4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage | 83.8 | 5.39 | 0.81 | 1.42 | 0.86 | 0.22 | 0.87 | 1.14 | 0.21 | 0.047 |
Samples | Cement (kg/m3) | Marble Dust (kg/m3) | Fine Aggregate (kg/m3) | Foundry Sand (kg/m3) | Coarse Aggregate (kg/m3) | Admixture (%) | Water (kg/m3) | Slump (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S0 | 407.07 | 0 | 851.15 | 0 | 1083 | 0.6 | 162.82 | 75 |
S5 | 386.72 | 20.35 | 808.59 | 42.55 | 1083 | 0.6 | 162.82 | 80 |
S10 | 366.36 | 40.71 | 766.03 | 85.12 | 1083 | 0.8 | 162.82 | 90 |
S15 | 346.01 | 61.06 | 723.48 | 127.67 | 1083 | 0.8 | 162.82 | 95 |
S20 | 325.66 | 81.41 | 680.92 | 170.23 | 1083 | 0.8 | 162.82 | 108 |
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Tiwary, A.K.; Singh, S.; Kumar, R.; Chohan, J.S.; Sharma, S.; Singh, J.; Li, C.; Ilyas, R.A.; Asyraf, M.R.M.; Malik, M.A. Effects of Elevated Temperature on the Residual Behavior of Concrete Containing Marble Dust and Foundry Sand. Materials 2022, 15, 3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103632
Tiwary AK, Singh S, Kumar R, Chohan JS, Sharma S, Singh J, Li C, Ilyas RA, Asyraf MRM, Malik MA. Effects of Elevated Temperature on the Residual Behavior of Concrete Containing Marble Dust and Foundry Sand. Materials. 2022; 15(10):3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103632
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiwary, Aditya Kumar, Sandeep Singh, Raman Kumar, Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan, Shubham Sharma, Jujhar Singh, Changhe Li, R. A. Ilyas, M. R. M. Asyraf, and Mohammad Abdul Malik. 2022. "Effects of Elevated Temperature on the Residual Behavior of Concrete Containing Marble Dust and Foundry Sand" Materials 15, no. 10: 3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103632