Multi-Criterial Analysis Tool to Design a Hybrid Ballistic Plate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials—Ballistic Materials
2.2. Materials—Non-Ballistic Materials
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. One-Stage Process of HBP Fabrication
- pre-pressing stage: 45 min at temperatures from 20 to 60 °C up to 128 °C under a pressure of 10 bar;
- main pressing stage: 40 min at a temperature of 128 °C under a pressure of 200 bar;
- cooling stage: 45 min until reaching a temperature of 60 °C.
- soft UHMWPE fibrous composites: Dyneema® HB212, HB210, or HB26;
- non-impregnated, p-aramid woven fabric: Twaron® CT736;
- connecting binder: thermoadhesive film, which is the connecting layer of the aforementioned ballistic materials, and one of the following non-ballistic textiles: nonwoven glass fiber: Nonwoven Fiber Reinforced Plastics T1780 C or carbon woven fabric: Carbon Fabric CBXS 400.
- Variant A: arrangement of material layers in the direction from the user’s body is as follows:
- Variant B: arrangement of the material layers in the direction from the user’s body is as follows:
2.3.2. Areal Density
2.3.3. Thickness
2.3.4. Ballistic Properties
2.3.5. Multi-Criterial Analysis (MCA)
- (1)
- physical properties (areal density, and thickness);
- (2)
- usable properties (average projectile velocity, maximum depth of depression, area of deformation, volume of deformation, and ballistic penetration).
3. Results and Discussion
- (a)
- two-components: H5—H6 configurations; GCQ = 0.80;
- (b)
- three-components: H5/SA and H6/SA; GCQ = 0.75.
- -
- in the two-components group: the lowest thickness correlated with low areal density and low depth of the deformation, as well as deformation area and volume corresponding with an increase in the safety of the ballistic protecting the users. The safety of the selected HBP was also confirmed by no penetration during the ballistic tests;
- -
- in the three-components group: low thickness and low areal density with relatively low depth of the deformation and deformation area as well as volume resulted in no penetration during the ballistic test.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- David, N.V.; Gao, X.L.; Zheng, J.Q. Ballistic Resistant Body Armor: Contemporary and Prospective Materials and Related Protection Mechanisms. Appl. Mech. Rev. 2009, 62, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Messiry, M. Chapter II: Textile Materials for Flexible Armor. In Protective Armor Engineering Design; Apple Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2019; pp. 31–51. ISBN 9781771887878. [Google Scholar]
- El Messiry, M. Chapter III: Bulletproof Flexible Protective Armor. In Protective Armor Engineering Design; Apple Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2019; pp. 198–212. ISBN 9781771887878. [Google Scholar]
- Perry, A. Ballistic-resistant Body Armor: Problems and Coping Strategies. J. Text. Appar. Technol. Manag. 2018, 10, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Zurek, W.; Kopias, K. Structure of Flat Textile Products; Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne: Warsaw, Poland, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Karolinski, W. Analysis of Evaluation Methods for Knitting Machines and Their Application to Cylindrical Crocheting Machines; Przegląd Włókienniczy: Lodz, Poland, 1974; pp. 278–284. [Google Scholar]
- Dobrowolska, A.; Majcherek, Z. Elaboration of the Optimal Structure of Flat Implants for Hernia Treatments. Fibres Text. East. Eur. 2009, 1, 103–110. [Google Scholar]
- Struszczyk, M.H.; Gutowska, A.; Kowalski, K.; Kopias, K.; Pałys, B.; Komisarczyk, A.; Krucińska, I. Ultra-Light Knitted Structures for Application in Urologinecology and General Surgery—Optimisation of Structure in the Aspect of Physical Parameters. Fibres Text. East. Eur. 2001, 5, 92–98. [Google Scholar]
- Litwa, P.; Kucińska-Król, I.; Delczyk-Olejniczak, B.; Struszczyk, M.H. Composite Inserts for Bullet- and Fragment-Proof Vests, in Modern Ballistic Personal Protection and Protection of Transport and Buildings Based on Fibrous Composites; Struszczyk, M.H., Ed.; The Institute of Security Technologies MORATEX: Lodz, Poland, 2012; pp. 35–57. ISBN 978-83-63199-20-3. [Google Scholar]
- Fejdyś, M.; Łandwijt, M.; Błaszczyk, W.; Kucińska-Król, I.; Struszczyk, M.H. Hybrid Ballistic Helmets. In Modern Ballistic Personal Protection and Protection of Transport and Buildings Based on Fibrous Composites; Struszczyk, M.H., Ed.; The Institute of Security Technologies MORATEX: Lodz, Poland, 2012; pp. 58–80. ISBN 978-83-63199-20-3. [Google Scholar]
- Goode, T.; Shoemaker, G.; Schultz, S.; Peters, K.; Pankow, M. Soft body armor time-dependent back face deformation (BFD) with ballistics gel backing. Compos. Struct. 2019, 220, 687–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, T.-T.N.; Meek, G.; Breeze, J.; Masouros, S.D. Gelatine Backing Affects the Performance of Single-Layer Ballistic-Resistant Materials Against Blast Fragments. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020, 8, 744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ćwik, T.K.; Iannucci, L.; Curtis, P.; Pope, D. Design and Ballistic Performance of Hybrid Composite Laminates. Appl. Compos. Mater. 2017, 24, 717–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yanen, C.; Solmaz, M.Y. Ballistic tests of lightweight hybrid composites for body armor. Mater. Test. 2019, 61, 425–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, R.-G.; Qu, Y.-J.; Yan, W.-M.; Qin, B.; Wang, S.; Wang, J.-Z. Experimental study of transient pressure wave in the behind armor blunt trauma induced by different rifle bullets. Def. Technol. 2020, 16, 900–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yahaya, R.; Sapuan, S.M.; Jawaid, M.; Leman, Z.; Zainudin, E.S. Measurement of Ballistic Impact Properties of Woven Kenaf–Aramid Hybrid Composites. Measurement 2016, 77, 335–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yahaya, R.; Sapuan, S.M.; Jawaid, M.; Leman, Z.; Zainudin, E.S. Quasi-Static Penetration and Ballistic Properties of Kenaf–Aramid Hybrid Composites. Mater. Des. 2014, 63, 775–782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sorrentino, L.; Bellini, C.; Corrado, A.; Polini, W.; Arico, R. Ballistic Performance Evaluation of Composite Laminates in Kevlar 29. Procedia Eng. 2014, 88, 255–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, T.G.; Satapathy, S.S.; Vargas-Gonzalez, L.R.; Walsh, S.W. Ballistic Impact Response of Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE). Compos. Struct. 2015, 133, 191–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crouch, I.G. Body armour—New materials, new systems. Def. Technol. 2019, 15, 241–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Litwin, L.; Dmowska-Jasek, P.; Łandwijt, M.; Fejdyś, M.; Kucharska-Jastrząbek, A.; Kośla, K.; Kusiak, E.; Spilarewicz-Stanek, K.; Struszczyk, M.H. The Method of Forming Aramid Ballistic Plates at the Temperature of 130 °C. Patent application P. 436,526, 30 December 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Litwin, L.; Dmowska-Jasek, P.; Łandwijt, M.; Fejdyś, M.; Kucharska-Jastrząbek, A.; Kośla, K.; Kusiak, E.; Spilarewicz-Stanek, K.; Struszczyk, M.H. A Method of Producing Hybrid Ballistic Plates in a One-Step Forming Process. Patent application P. 436,565, 31 December 2020. [Google Scholar]
Methodology/ Type of Raw Material | Areal Density [g/m2] | Thickness [mm] | Breaking Force [kN] | Relative Elongation [%] | Tear Strength [N] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PN-EN ISO 2286-2:2016-11 | PN-EN ISO 2286-3:2016-11 | along | across | along | across | along | across | |
PN-EN ISO1421:2017-02 | PN-EN ISO1421:2017-02 | PN-EN ISO 4674-1:2017-02 | ||||||
Dyneema® HB26 | 265 ± 1 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 136.9 ± 2.5 | 120.3 ± 2.1 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | does not tear | does not tear |
Dyneema® HB210 | 136 ± 1 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 80.80 ± 9.46 | 53.90 ± 1.81 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | does not tear | does not tear |
Dyneema® HB212 | 136 ± 1 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 71.40 ± 2.81 | 77.8 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | does not tear | does not tear |
Twaron® CT736 | 407 ± 2 | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 144.00 ± 4.64 | 134.00 ± 3.41 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | does not tear | does not tear |
Methodology/ Type of Raw Material | Areal Density [g/m2] | Thickness [mm] | Breaking Force [kN] | Relative Elongation [%] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PN-EN ISO 2286-2:2016-11 | PN-EN ISO 2286-3:2016-11 | along | across | along | across | |
PN-EN ISO1421:2017-02 | PN-EN ISO1421:2017-02 | |||||
Reinforced Plastics T1790 C | 30.0 ± 0.2 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 20.5 ± 2.0 | 11.5 ± 2.0 | 30.0 ± 0.2 | 0.30 ± 0.02 |
Carbon Fabric CBXS 400 | 409.0 ± 0.2 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 24 ± 6 | 26.5 ± 6.0 | 409.0 ± 0.2 | 0.42 ± 0.02 |
Raw Material/HBP | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | H5 | H6 | H7 | H8 | H9 | H10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Twaron® CT736/connecting binder—thermoadhesive film | 26 | 22 | 18 | 26 | 22 | 18 | 26 | 22 | 18 | 18 |
Dyneema® HB210 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dyneema® HB212 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 |
Dyneema® HB26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 26 |
Total number of layers in the HBP | 76 | 82 | 88 | 76 | 82 | 88 | 76 | 82 | 88 | 76 |
Raw Material/HBP | H4/S | H5/S | H6/S | H4/W | H5/W | H6/W |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Twaron® CT736/connecting binder—thermoadhesive film | 26 | 22 | 18 | 26 | 22 | 18 |
Dyneema® HB212 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 50 | 60 | 70 |
Nonwovens for Fiber Reinforced Plastics T1780 C | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Carbon Fabric CBXS 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Total number of layers in the HBP | 80 | 86 | 92 | 78 | 84 | 90 |
Properties Groups | Feature | Validity [ti] 1 |
---|---|---|
Physical properties | Areal density | 5 |
Thickness | 2 | |
Functional properties | Average velocity | 5 |
Average depth of the deformation | 1 | |
Minimal depth of the deformation | 5 | |
Deformation area | 5 | |
Deformation volume | 3 | |
Ballistic penetration | 5 |
HBP Variant | Areal Density [kg/m2] | Thickness [mm] | Average Velocity [m/s] | Average Depth of the Deformation [mm] | Minimal Depth of the Deformation [mm] | Deformation Area [cm2] | Deformation Volume [cm3] | Ballistic Penetration (1-No; 0-Yes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Properties Group | Usable Properties Group | |||||||
H1 | 19.10 | 16.50 | 564.40 | 21.30 | 29.90 | 29.30 | 44.74 | 0 |
H2 | 18.60 | 17.00 | 583.70 | 21.70 | 34.60 | 34.17 | 56.83 | 0 |
H3 | 18.20 | 17.50 | 621.60 | 27.50 | 41.20 | 40.88 | 85.87 | 0 |
H4 | 18.90 | 16.50 | 605.10 | 21.50 | 28.30 | 32.48 | 52.60 | 0 |
H5 | 18.30 | 17.00 | 601.70 | 23.90 | 31.00 | 34.27 | 62.65 | 1 |
H6 | 17.70 | 17.50 | 597.60 | 22.10 | 31.00 | 31.30 | 55.32 | 1 |
H7 | 25.20 | 23.00 | 594.70 | 19.90 | 27.60 | 31.13 | 55.32 | 1 |
H8 | 26.20 | 24.50 | 589.20 | 19.20 | 26.50 | 29.67 | 48.57 | 1 |
H9 | 26.90 | 25.50 | 589.00 | 19.80 | 26.50 | 28.90 | 43.80 | 1 |
H10 | 19.40 | 19.00 | 593.50 | 19.30 | 28.70 | 29.98 | 45.53 | 0 |
H4/SA | 19.10 | 16.00 | 593.60 | 24.10 | 32.00 | 40.32 | 71.92 | 0 |
H5/SA | 18.60 | 16.50 | 583.60 | 21.90 | 29.20 | 34.00 | 54.77 | 1 |
H6/SA | 17.90 | 16.50 | 579.90 | 20.00 | 28.20 | 28.78 | 45.15 | 1 |
H4/WA | 19.50 | 17.00 | 581.90 | 18.10 | 25.70 | 24.70 | 36.12 | 0 |
H5/WA | 18.90 | 17.00 | 565.30 | 21.10 | 31.40 | 31.03 | 50.57 | 1 |
H6/WA | 18.30 | 17.00 | 574.30 | 20.80 | 31.10 | 30.00 | 49.53 | 1 |
H4/SB | 17.90 | 15.00 | 585.35 | 11.00 | 12.00 | 25.17 | 31.03 | 0 |
H5/SB | 18.50 | 16.50 | 569.67 | 25.57 | 34.90 | 34.47 | 54.52 | 1 |
H6/SB | 17.90 | 16.50 | 572.43 | 22.85 | 33.10 | 29.67 | 46.13 | 1 |
H4/WB | 19.40 | 16.50 | 572.15 | 19.44 | 30.50 | 24.90 | 46.13 | 0 |
H5/WB | 19.00 | 17.00 | 574.08 | 19.93 | 29.50 | 30.90 | 37.18 | 1 |
H6/WB | 18.5 | 16.5 | 567.00 | 22.25 | 32.70 | 30.48 | 49.57 | 1 |
HBP Variant | Physical Properties Group | Usable Properties Group | General Coefficient of Quality (GSQ) | General Quality Class (GQC) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCQPh 1 Factor | Quality Class (CPh) 2 Factor | SCQU 1 Factor | Quality Class (CU) 2 Factor | |||
H1 | 0.89 | 1 | 0.32 | 6 | 0.61 | 3 |
H2 | 0.91 | 0 | 0.37 | 6 | 0.64 | 3 |
H3 | 0.93 | 0 | 0.42 | 5 | 0.67 | 3 |
H4 | 0.91 | 0 | 0.52 | 4 | 0.71 | 2 |
H5 | 0.94 | 0 | 0.67 | 3 | 0.80 | 2 |
H6 | 0.97 | 0 | 0.63 | 3 | 0.80 | 2 |
H7 | 0.21 | 7 | 0.68 | 3 | 0.45 | 5 |
H8 | 0.09 | 9 | 0.67 | 3 | 0.38 | 6 |
H9 | 0.00 | 9 | 0.67 | 3 | 0.33 | 6 |
H10 | 0.79 | 2 | 0.46 | 5 | 0.63 | 3 |
HBP Variant | Physical Properties Group | Usable Properties Group | General Coefficient of Quality (GSQ) | General Quality Class (GQC) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCQPh 1 Factor | Quality Class (CPh) 2 Factor | SCQU 1 Factor | Quality Class (CU) 2 Factor | |||
H4/SA | 0.86 | 1 | 0.41 | 5 | 0.64 | 3 |
H5/SA | 0.89 | 1 | 0.57 | 4 | 0.73 | 2 |
H6/SA | 0.94 | 0 | 0.52 | 4 | 0.73 | 2 |
H4/WA | 0.81 | 1 | 0.31 | 6 | 0.56 | 4 |
H5/WA | 0.85 | 1 | 0.46 | 5 | 0.66 | 3 |
H6/WA | 0.90 | 1 | 0.48 | 5 | 0.69 | 3 |
H4/SB | 0.98 | 0 | 0.46 | 5 | 0.72 | 2 |
H5/SB | 0.90 | 1 | 0.47 | 5 | 0.69 | 3 |
H6/SB | 0.94 | 0 | 0.46 | 5 | 0.70 | 3 |
H4/WB | 0.83 | 1 | 0.22 | 7 | 0.52 | 4 |
H5/WB | 0.84 | 1 | 0.54 | 4 | 0.69 | 3 |
H6/WB | 0.90 | 1 | 0.45 | 5 | 0.67 | 3 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Struszczyk, M.H.; Dmowska-Jasek, P.; Kubiak, P.; Łandwijt, M.; Fejdyś, M. Multi-Criterial Analysis Tool to Design a Hybrid Ballistic Plate. Materials 2021, 14, 4058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144058
Struszczyk MH, Dmowska-Jasek P, Kubiak P, Łandwijt M, Fejdyś M. Multi-Criterial Analysis Tool to Design a Hybrid Ballistic Plate. Materials. 2021; 14(14):4058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144058
Chicago/Turabian StyleStruszczyk, Marcin H., Paulina Dmowska-Jasek, Paweł Kubiak, Marcin Łandwijt, and Marzena Fejdyś. 2021. "Multi-Criterial Analysis Tool to Design a Hybrid Ballistic Plate" Materials 14, no. 14: 4058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144058