Effect of Carbonaceous Components on Tribological Properties of Copper-Free NAO Friction Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Hardness Test
2.4. Thermal Conductivity
2.5. Friction and Wear Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphologies of Carbonaceous Components
3.2. Hardness
3.3. Thermal Conductivity
3.4. Friction and Wear
3.5. Morphologies of Polished Surface and Worn Surface
3.6. Surface Roughness of Polished Surface and Worn Surface
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- In comparison with NAO specimens, specimens containing expanded graphite (EG) have a higher thermal conductivity; the specimens containing artificial graphite (AG) or natural graphite (NG) have thermal conductivity similar to the NAO specimen, and the specimens containing coke (Coke), carbon black (CB) or carbon fiber (CF) have lower thermal conductivity.
- (2)
- Most of the carbonaceous components used in this study can improve the tribological performance of specimens, especially graphite-like carbonaceous components, such as artificial graphite, natural graphite and expanded graphite.
- (3)
- The worn specimens containing coke (Coke), carbon black (CB) and carbon fiber (CF) exhibited broken friction layers. The worn specimens containing artificial graphite (AG), natural graphite (NG) and expanded graphite (EG) exhibited quite adherent and large sized friction layers.
- (4)
- After the wear test, the surface roughness of the AG, NG and EG specimens increase slightly. However, the Coke, CB and CF specimens show much rougher worn surfaces.
- (5)
- Among all of the copper-free carbon containing specimens, the specimen containing expanded graphite (EG) has the highest thermal conductivity, a relatively low wear loss and a relatively high and stable COF. It has potential to be the candidate to replace copper in copper-free NAO friction materials.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Function | Raw Materials | Size (μm) | Content (vol %) |
---|---|---|---|
Binder | phenolic resin | 45 | 27.7 |
Fibrous reinforcement | aramid pulp potassium titanate steel wool | 5–20 1 3–5 1 10–100 1 | 17.5 |
Lubricant | antimony trisulfide artificial graphite | 45 75 | 13.9 |
Friction modifier | aluminum barite cashew dust nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) silica silicon carbide zirconia | 45 20 20–500 120 45 40 13.8 | 35.8 |
Theme ingredient | copper (Cu powder/Cu fiber) or copper-replaced (carbonaceous) components | 50 2/ 60–100 3 (see Table 3)4 | 5.1 |
Ingredient | NAO | Coke | CB | CF | AG | NG | EG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent ingredient 1 | 94.90 | 94.90 | 94.90 | 94.90 | 94.90 | 94.90 | 94.90 |
copper powder | 2.55 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
copper fiber | 2.55 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
coke | - | 5.10 | - | - | - | - | - |
carbon black | - | - | 5.10 | - | - | - | - |
carbon fiber | - | - | - | 5.10 | - | - | - |
artificial graphite | - | - | - | - | 5.10 | - | - |
natural graphite | - | - | - | - | - | 5.10 | - |
expanded graphite | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.10 |
Carbonaceous Component | Size (μm) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m K) | Description, Company |
---|---|---|---|
coke | D503:43.9 D954:129.9 | < 0.973 [35] | Metallurgical coke, China Steel Chemical Corp., Kaohsiung, Taiwan |
carbon black | D50:0.9 D95:2.4 | 0.2–0.3 [36,37] | FEF N-550, China Synthetic Rubber Corp., Kaohsiung, Taiwan |
PAN1-based carbon fiber | diameter:7 length:3000–5000 | 8–70 [38,39] | T700S, Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan |
artificial graphite | D50:77.8 D95:204.6 | a-axis:398 c-axis:2.2 [40] | G-3, Hsu I Enterprises Corp., Tainan, Taiwan |
natural graphite | size:10–20 thickness: <3 | a-axis:398 c-axis:2.2 [40] | Graphite flake, -325 mesh, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA |
expanded graphite2 | size:25 expanded length:25–7500 | a-axis:400–1300 c-axis:3–65 [41] | Expandable graphite, 3772, Anthracite Industries, Sunbury, PA, USA (Expansion ratio ~1:300) |
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Lin, H.-Y.; Cheng, H.-Z.; Lee, K.-J.; Wang, C.-F.; Liu, Y.-C.; Wang, Y.-W. Effect of Carbonaceous Components on Tribological Properties of Copper-Free NAO Friction Material. Materials 2020, 13, 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051163
Lin H-Y, Cheng H-Z, Lee K-J, Wang C-F, Liu Y-C, Wang Y-W. Effect of Carbonaceous Components on Tribological Properties of Copper-Free NAO Friction Material. Materials. 2020; 13(5):1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051163
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Hsun-Yu, Huy-Zu Cheng, Kuo-Jung Lee, Chih-Feng Wang, Yi-Chen Liu, and Yu-Wei Wang. 2020. "Effect of Carbonaceous Components on Tribological Properties of Copper-Free NAO Friction Material" Materials 13, no. 5: 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051163