Effect of Ga on the Oxide Film Structure and Oxidation Resistance of Sn–Bi–Zn Alloys as Heat Transfer Fluids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Oxidation Kinetics
3.2. Surface and Cross-Sectional Morphology of Oxide Scale
3.3. Composition of Oxide Scale
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Designed Compounds | XRF Results (wt.%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sn | Bi | Zn | Ga | |
Sn–50Bi–2Zn | 48.29 | 49.57 | 2.14 | 0 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–1Ga | 47.61 | 49.51 | 1.91 | 0.97 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–3Ga | 46.65 | 48.57 | 1.87 | 2.91 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–5Ga | 45.62 | 47.58 | 1.86 | 4.94 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–7Ga | 44.73 | 46.54 | 1.81 | 6.92 |
Alloys | k1 (10−3∙mg∙cm−2∙min−1) | Q (kJ∙mol−1) |
---|---|---|
Sn–50Bi–2Zn | 7.11 | 12.05 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–1Ga | 3.71 | 15.69 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–3Ga | 1.37 | 21.27 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–5Ga | 1.11 | 22.45 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–7Ga | 1.16 | 22.20 |
Elements and Oxides | Sn 3d (eV) | Bi 4f (eV) | Zn 2p (eV) | Ga 2p (eV) | Ga 3d (eV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn [23] | 484.9, 493.3 | ||||
SnO [23] | 486.3 | ||||
SnO2[25] | 487.3 | ||||
Bi [24] | 157, 162.3 | ||||
Bi2O3 [24,25] | 158.1–159.5 | ||||
Zn [26] | 1021.8, 1044 | ||||
ZnO [26] | 1021.7 | ||||
Ga [26] | 1116.6, 1143.4 | ||||
Ga2O3 [26] | 20.7 |
Samples | Sn | Bi | Zn | Ga | O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn–50Bi–2Zn | 50.36 | 5.95 | 9.23 | — | 34.47 |
(Sn–50Bi–2Zn)–7Ga | 24.14 | 5.33 | 13.14 | 33.4 | 32.24 |
Oxidation Reaction | ΔGθ/(J·mol−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
298 K | 400 K | 600 K | 800 K | |
Sn–SnO | −302.61 | −309.06 | −325.03 | −344.30 |
Sn–SnO2 | −596.33 | −602.56 | −619.43 | −641.61 |
Bi–Bi2O3 | −615.89 | −633.08 | −675.29 | −725.87 |
Zn–ZnO | −361.08 | −366.18 | −379.44 | −396.05 |
Ga–Ga2O3 | −1114.43 | −1124.63 | −1152.28 | −1187.79 |
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Wang, Q.; Cheng, X.; Liu, Z.; Lv, Z.; Cheng, Q. Effect of Ga on the Oxide Film Structure and Oxidation Resistance of Sn–Bi–Zn Alloys as Heat Transfer Fluids. Materials 2020, 13, 5461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235461
Wang Q, Cheng X, Liu Z, Lv Z, Cheng Q. Effect of Ga on the Oxide Film Structure and Oxidation Resistance of Sn–Bi–Zn Alloys as Heat Transfer Fluids. Materials. 2020; 13(23):5461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235461
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Qingmeng, Xiaomin Cheng, Zhi Liu, Zean Lv, and Qianju Cheng. 2020. "Effect of Ga on the Oxide Film Structure and Oxidation Resistance of Sn–Bi–Zn Alloys as Heat Transfer Fluids" Materials 13, no. 23: 5461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235461