Laser Surface Texturing and Electropolishing of CoCr and Ti6Al4V-ELI Alloys for Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation of CoCr and Ti6Al4V-ELI Alloys
2.2. Laser Surface Texturing Experiments
2.3. Electropolishing Experiments
2.4. Surface Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Laser Texturing and Electropolishing Tests
3.2. Chemical Composition
3.3. X-ray Diffraction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The surface topography modification was related to the HAZ by means of the energy per unit length during laser texturing. For CoCr alloy, an increase in the energy per unit length (El) shows a linear increment of surface roughness parameters, whilst for the Ti6AL4V-ELI alloy, the laser effect at high El remained constant.
- The electropolishing test showed that the final surface roughness could be controlled to comply with different medical applications.
- The laser texturing test showed a surface modification in terms of the chemical composition, and hence the phases present on the treated surface.
- The chemical analysis of the CoCr alloys provided indications of the formation of intermetallic σ phase (Co(Cr,Mo)) or the M23C6 precipitate. More studies are needed to fully characterize this precipitates morphology as they are related with wear and corrosion resistant in implants.
- A reduction in the α-Ti and an increase in the formation of Ti oxides (which have a sterilization effect enhancing biocompatibility) was observed with increasing energy per unit length. This was also achieved due to the chemical composition of the Ti6AL4V-ELI alloy and the high heating/cooling rate of the laser process.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Year | Material | Geometry Texturized | Laser Parameters | Results | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical Composition | Geometrical/Surface Quality | Cell Attachment | Mechanical Properties/Tribology | ||||||
[20] | 2006 | Ti6Al4V | Parallel grooves | Laser type | UV | X | X | ||
Wavelength (nm) | 355 | ||||||||
Scanning speed (mm/s) | 250 | ||||||||
Pulse frequency (kHz) | 50 | ||||||||
Avg. power (W) | 1.65 | ||||||||
spot size (µm) | 8.5 | ||||||||
[22] | 2011 | Titanium | Pits | Laser type | Yb fiber | X | |||
Wavelength (nm) | 1060 | ||||||||
Avg. power (W) | - | ||||||||
Scanning speed (mm/s) | 50–150 | ||||||||
P. frequency (kHz) | - | ||||||||
[23] | 2011 | Ti6Al4V | Dots and lines | Laser type | Yb Fiber | X | X | X | |
Wavelength (nm) | 1060 | ||||||||
Avg. power (W) | 8 | ||||||||
Pulse duration (ns) | 70 | ||||||||
P. frequency (kHz) | 20–200 | ||||||||
[10] | 2012 | Ti6Al4V | Dimples | Laser type | Nd-YAG | X | |||
Wavelength (nm) | 1064 | ||||||||
Laser avg. power (W) | 10 | ||||||||
P. frequency (kHz) | 10 | ||||||||
Scanning speed (mm/s) | 5 | ||||||||
[24] | 2013 | Ti6Al4V | Periodic waves | Laser type | Yb:KWY | X | |||
Wavelength (nm) | 1030 | ||||||||
Scanning speed (mm/s) | 0.8 | ||||||||
P. frequency (Hz) | 50 | ||||||||
[25] | 2013 | Co-Cr-Mo | Square, triangle, and circle | Laser type | DPSS | X | |||
Wavelength (nm) | 1064 | ||||||||
Laser power (W) | 50 | ||||||||
P. frequency (kHz) | 20 | ||||||||
Spot size (µm) | 15 | ||||||||
[14] | 2014 | Co-Cr-Mo | Square, triangle, and circle | Laser type | X | X | |||
Wavelength (nm) | 1064 | ||||||||
Avg. power (W) | 20 | ||||||||
Scanning speed (mm/s) | 50–200 | ||||||||
P. frequency (kHz) | 3–5.5 | ||||||||
[26] | 2015 | Co-Cr-Mo | Petaloid | Laser type | VAN | X | X | ||
Wavelength (nm) | 532 | ||||||||
Laser power (mW) | 50 | ||||||||
P. frequency (kHz) | 100 | ||||||||
Pulse duration (ps) | 10 |
Chemical Composition CoCr (wt.%) | |||||||
Co | 65.45 | Cr | 27.34 | Mo | 5.47 | Mn | 0.69 |
Si | 0.67 | N | 0.16 | Fe | 0.07 | Ni | 0.06 |
W | 0.02 | O | 0.02 | Cu | 0.01 | Al | 0.01 |
Nb | 0.01 | C | 0.037 | Ti | 0.005 | P | 0.004 |
B | 0.003 | S | 0.002 | ||||
Chemical Composition Ti6Al4V-ELI (wt.%) | |||||||
Al | 5.95 | C | 0.015 | Fe | 0.10 | H | 0.003 |
N | 0.007 | O | 0.104 | V | 4.03 |
Laser Power, P (W) | Marking Speed, v (mm/s) | Energy per Unit Length (J/mm) |
---|---|---|
21.25 | 150 | 0.142 |
23.75 | 150 | 0.158 |
21.25 | 50 | 0.425 |
23.75 | 50 | 0.475 |
Phase | Crystalline System | Space Group | Cell Parameters (Å) |
---|---|---|---|
α-Ti | Hexagonal | P63/mmc | a = b= 2.936, c = 4.679 |
Ti2O | Trigonal | P-3m1 | a = b = 3.465, c = 4.049 |
Ti6O | Trigonal | P31c | a = b = 5.14, c = 9.48 |
Source | Mean ± St. dev. | Range | F-Value | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CoCr alloy | ||||
Cobalt (Co) | 54.043 ± 0.669 | (51.980, 55.780) | 3.16 | 0.029 |
Chromium (Cr) | 37.940 ± 0.947 | (35.890,39.690) | 2.66 | 0.053 |
Molybdenum (Mo) | 8.018 ± 0.773 | (6.520, 9.650) | 9.32 | 0.000 |
Ti6Al4V alloy | ||||
Titanium (Ti) | 75.015 ± 5.398 | (62.46,83.29) | 30.12 | 0.000 |
Aluminum (Al) | 10.213 ± 5.214 | (3.76, 17.16) | 232.67 | 0.000 |
Vanadium (V) | 1.7394 ± 0.3574 | (1.10, 2.34) | 18.81 | 0.000 |
Oxygen (O) | 13.18 ± 7.43 | (2.01, 25.54) | 38.13 | 0.000 |
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Sandoval-Robles, J.A.; Rodríguez, C.A.; García-López, E. Laser Surface Texturing and Electropolishing of CoCr and Ti6Al4V-ELI Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Materials 2020, 13, 5203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225203
Sandoval-Robles JA, Rodríguez CA, García-López E. Laser Surface Texturing and Electropolishing of CoCr and Ti6Al4V-ELI Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Materials. 2020; 13(22):5203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225203
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandoval-Robles, Jesús A., Ciro A. Rodríguez, and Erika García-López. 2020. "Laser Surface Texturing and Electropolishing of CoCr and Ti6Al4V-ELI Alloys for Biomedical Applications" Materials 13, no. 22: 5203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225203