Enhancing the Hardened Properties of Recycled Concrete (RC) through Synergistic Incorporation of Fiber Reinforcement and Silica Fume
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1. Materials
2.2. Details of Concrete Mixes and Mixing Method
2.3. Preparation of Specimens for Strength and Permeability Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Strength (CS)
3.2. Splitting Tensile Strength (STS)
3.3. Flexural Behavior (Load Versus Midspan Deflection)
3.4. Flexural Strength
3.5. Water Absorption (WA)
3.6. Chloride Ion Penetration (CIP)
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Simultaneous incorporation of silica fume and glass fiber provides excellent synergistic effects on strength and permeability resistance of both RC and NC. Silica fume incorporation improves the bond strength of glass fiber with binder matrix and it can also help in better dispersion of glass fiber.
- (2)
- The separate incorporation of 10% silica fume and 0.5% glass fiber improved the CS of RC by 19% and 4.5%, respectively, whereas combined effect of silica fume and 0.5% glass fiber improved the CS by 25.7%. RC with 5–10% silica fume and 0.5% glass fiber showed higher CS than reference “NC”.
- (3)
- Synergistic effect of fiber and silica fume was very prominent in the results of STS and FS. The 10% silica fume and 0.5% glass fiber separately enhanced the STS of RC by 14% and 21%, respectively but the combined effect of silica fume and fiber addition enhanced the STS of RC by 41.3%. This indicates an increase of 25% in the efficiency of glass fiber in STS. RC with 10% silica fume and 0.5% fiber outperformed reference “NC” by a margin of 29%. FS testing showed similar trends in results.
- (4)
- FS of fiber-reinforced NC or RC can be fairly estimated from the STS without considering the effect of supplementary material (fiber or silica fume), whereas FS showed poor correlation with CS for fibrous mixes. Flexural toughness of RC can be improved by more than 8–9 times by inclusion of 0.5% glass fiber compared to plain NC.
- (5)
- WA and CIP increased with the incorporation of RA and fiber into concrete. The difference between WA and CIP values of plain and fiber-reinforced concretes (both NC and RC) reduced with the inclusion of silica fume into binder. Silica fume effectively controlled the loss in permeability resistance due to fiber reinforcement in the cases of both NC and RC. Plain and glass fiber-reinforced RCs with 10% silica fume showed superior WA and CIP resistance than reference “NC”.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CIP | Chloride ion penetration |
CIPR | Chloride ion penetration resistance |
CS | Compressive strength |
FS | Flexural strength |
ITZ | Interfacial transition zone |
NA | Natural aggregate |
NC | Natural aggregate concrete |
RA | Recycled aggregate |
RC | Recycled aggregate concrete |
STS | Splitting tensile strength |
WA | Water absorption |
References
- Akhtar, A.; Sarmah, A.K. Construction and demolition waste generation and properties of recycled aggregate concrete: A global perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 186, 262–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X. Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China: Part II. Structural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete and engineering applications. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2009, 53, 107–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, R.; Santana, M.A.; Oda, A.M.; Paniguel, R.C.; Vieira, L.B.; Figueiredo, A.D.; Galobardes, I. Analysis of potential use of fibre reinforced recycled aggregate concrete for sustainable pavements. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 218, 183–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Y.; Fang, S.; Chen, J.; Ma, L.; Li, L.; Wu, X. Axial compression behavior of recycled-aggregate-concrete-filled GFRP-steel composite tube columns. Eng. Struct. 2020, 216, 110676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadati, S.; Arezoumandi, M.; Khayat, K.H.; Volz, J.S. Shear performance of reinforced concrete beams incorporating recycled concrete aggregate and high-volume fly ash. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 115, 284–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurda, R.; de Brito, J.; Silvestre, J. Combined economic and mechanical performance optimization of recycled aggregate concrete with high volume of fly ash. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nawaz, M.A.; Qureshi, L.A.; Ali, B.; Raza, A. Mechanical, durability and economic performance of concrete incorporating fly ash and recycled aggregates. SN Appl. Sci. 2020, 2, 162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kazmi, S.M.S.; Munir, M.J.; Wu, Y.-F.; Patnaikuni, I.; Zhou, Y.; Xing, F. Effect of recycled aggregate treatment techniques on the durability of concrete: A comparative evaluation. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 264, 120284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kazmi, S.M.S.; Munir, M.J.; Wu, Y.-F.; Patnaikuni, I.; Zhou, Y.; Xing, F. Influence of different treatment methods on the mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate concrete: A comparative study. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2019, 104, 103398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, J.; Zhang, Z.; Lu, Z.; Sun, M. Coupling effects of silica fume and steel-fiber on the compressive behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete after exposure to elevated temperature. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 184, 752–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurad, R.; Silvestre, J.D.; de Brito, J.; Ahmed, H. Effect of incorporation of high volume of recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash on the strength and global warming potential of concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 166, 485–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qureshi, L.A.; Ali, B.; Ali, A. Combined effects of supplementary cementitious materials (silica fume, GGBS, fly ash and rice husk ash) and steel fiber on the hardened properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 263, 120636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koushkbaghi, M.; Kazemi, M.J.; Mosavi, H.; Mohseni, E. Acid resistance and durability properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete incorporating rice husk ash and recycled aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 202, 266–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Afroughsabet, V.; Biolzi, L.; Ozbakkaloglu, T. Influence of double hooked-end steel fibers and slag on mechanical and durability properties of high performance recycled aggregate concrete. Compos. Struct. 2017, 181, 273–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jadhav, R.M.; Jadhao, P.D.; Pande, S.G. A Study on behavior of metakaolin base recycled aggregate concrete. Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res. 2015, 4, 50–62. [Google Scholar]
- Masood, B.; Elahi, A.; Barbhuiya, S.; Ali, B. Mechanical and durability performance of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating low calcium bentonite. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 237, 117760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, J.; Li, J.; Lu, Z.; Li, Z.; Fang, C.; Huang, L.; Li, L. Combination effects of rubber and silica fume on the fracture behaviour of steel-fibre recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 203, 164–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, J.; Huang, L.; Guo, Y.; Li, Z.; Fang, C.; Li, L.; Wang, J. Experimental study on the compressive and flexural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete modified with silica fume and fibres. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 178, 612–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Das, C.S.; Dey, T.; Dandapat, R.; Mukharjee, B.B.; Kumar, J. Performance evaluation of polypropylene fibre reinforced recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 189, 649–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akça, K.R.; Çakır, Ö.; Ipek, M. Properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete using recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 98, 620–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, S.; Tuladhar, R.; Riella, J.; Chung, D.; Collister, T.; Combe, M.; Sivakugan, N. Comparative evaluation of virgin and recycled polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 114, 134–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, B.; Qureshi, L.A.; Raza, A.; Nawaz, M.A.; Safi Ur, R.; Rashid, M.U. Influence of glass fibers on mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregates. Civ. Eng. J. 2019, 5, 1007–1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hossain, F.Z.; Shahjalal, M.; Islam, K.; Tiznobaik, M.; Alam, M.S. Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete containing crumb rubber and polypropylene fiber. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 225, 983–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, J.F.; Wang, Q.Y.; Guan, Z.W. Material properties of basalt fibre reinforced concrete made with recycled earthquake waste. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 130, 241–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alnahhal, W.; Aljidda, O. Flexural behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete coarse aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 169, 165–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katkhuda, H.; Shatarat, N. Improving the mechanical properties of recycled concrete aggregate using chopped basalt fibers and acid treatment. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 140, 328–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dezhampanah, S.; Nikbin, I.; Charkhtab, S.; Fakhimi, F.; Bazkiaei, S.M.; Mohebbi, R. Environmental performance and durability of concrete incorporating waste tire rubber and steel fiber subjected to acid attack. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 268, 122216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, C.; Li, W.; Cai, L.; Shi, X.; Jiang, C. Experimental research on durability of high-performance synthetic fibers reinforced concrete: Resistance to sulfate attack and freezing-thawing. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 262, 120055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, D.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, J.; You, P. Durability of steel fibre-reinforced recycled coarse aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 232, 117119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Šeps, K.; Fládr, J.; Broukalová, I. Resistance of recycled aggregate concrete to freeze-thaw and deicing salts. Procedia Eng. 2016, 151, 329–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barbuta, M.; Bucur, R.; Serbanoiu, A.A.; Scutarasu, S.; Burlacu, A. Combined effect of fly ash and fibers on properties of cement concrete. Procedia Eng. 2017, 181, 280–284. [Google Scholar]
- Ali, B.; Qureshi, L.A. Combined effect of fly ash and glass fibres on mechanical performance of concrete. NED Univ. J. Res. Mech. 2018, 15, 91–100. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, F.; Ding, W.; Qiao, Y. An experimental investigation on the integral waterproofing capacity of polypropylene fiber concrete with fly ash and slag powder. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 212, 675–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hefni, Y.; El Zaher, Y.A.; Wahab, M.A. Influence of activation of fly ash on the mechanical properties of concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 172, 728–734. [Google Scholar]
- Afroz, M.; Venkatesan, S.; Patnaikuni, I. Effects of hybrid fibers on the development of high volume fly ash cement composite. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 215, 984–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hemavathi, S.; Sumil Kumaran, A.; Sindhu, R. An experimental investigation on properties of concrete by using silica fume and glass fibre as admixture. Mater. Today Proc. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Younis, K.H.; Pilakoutas, K. Strength prediction model and methods for improving recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 49, 688–701. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Zhou, S.H.; Shi, Y.; Tang, S.W.; Chen, E. Effect of silica fume and PVA fiber on the abrasion resistance and volume stability of concrete. Compos. Part. B Eng. 2017, 130, 28–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, M.; Ali, M. Improvement in concrete behavior with fly ash, silica-fume and coconut fibres. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 203, 174–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, J.H.; Fang, C.; Lu, Z.Y.; Li, Z.J.; Li, L.J. Effects of the addition of silica fume and rubber particles on the compressive behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete with steel fibres. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 197, 656–667. [Google Scholar]
- Mastali, M.; Dalvand, A. Use of silica fume and recycled steel fibers in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 125, 196–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fallah, S.; Nematzadeh, M. Mechanical properties and durability of high-strength concrete containing macro-polymeric and polypropylene fibers with nano-silica and silica fume. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 132, 170–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karahan, O.; Atiş, C.D. The durability properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced fly ash concrete. Mater. Des. 2011, 32, 1044–1049. [Google Scholar]
- Toutanji, H.; McNeil, S.; Bayasi, Z. Chloride permeability and impact resistance of polypropylene-fiber-reinforced silica fume concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 1998, 28, 961–968. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmed, T.W.; Ali, A.A.M.; Zidan, R.S. Properties of high strength polypropylene fiber concrete containing recycled aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 241, 118010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joshi, S.V.; Drzal, L.T.; Mohanty, A.K.; Arora, S. Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? Compos. Part. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2004, 35, 371–376. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM-C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM C188-17, Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM-C115 Standard Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidimeter; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM-C187 Standard Test Method for the Determination of the Normal Consistency of the Hydraulic Cement; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM-C191 Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM C151/C151M-18, Standard Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM C109 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens); ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM-C39 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM-C496 Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM-C1609 Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam with Third-Point Loading); ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- ASTM International. ASTM-C948 Standard Test Method for Dry and Wet Bulk Density, Water Absorption, and Apparent Porosity of Thin Sections of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Concrete; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Ali, B.; Qureshi, L.A. Durability of recycled aggregate concrete modified with sugarcane molasses. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 229, 116913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nawaz, M.A.; Ali, B.; Qureshi, L.A.; Aslam, H.M.U.; Hussain, I.; Masood, B.; Raza, S.S. Effect of sulfate activator on mechanical and durability properties of concrete incorporating low calcium fly ash. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2020, e00407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, G.C.; Choi, H.B. Study on interfacial transition zone properties of recycled aggregate by micro-hardness test. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 40, 455–460. [Google Scholar]
- Pedro, D.; De Brito, J.; Evangelista, L. Evaluation of high-performance concrete with recycled aggregates: Use of densified silica fume as cement replacement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 147, 803–814. [Google Scholar]
- Kou, S.; Poon, C.; Agrela, F. Comparisons of natural and recycled aggregate concretes prepared with the addition of different mineral admixtures. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2011, 33, 788–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, B.; Qureshi, L.A. Influence of glass fibers on mechanical and durability performance of concrete with recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 228, 116783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, Y.-W.; Chu, S.-H. Effect of silica fume on steel fiber bond characteristics in reactive powder concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2004, 34, 1167–1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.; Shi, C.; Khayat, K.H. Influence of silica fume content on microstructure development and bond to steel fiber in ultra-high strength cement-based materials (UHSC). Cem. Concr. Compos. 2016, 71, 97–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bui, N.K.; Satomi, T.; Takahashi, H. Mechanical properties of concrete containing 100% treated coarse recycled concrete aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 163, 496–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nazarimofrad, E.; Shaikh, F.U.A.; Nili, M. Effects of steel fibre and silica fume on impact behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. J. Sustain. Cem. Mater. 2017, 6, 54–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dimitriou, G.; Savva, P.; Petrou, M.F. Enhancing mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 158, 228–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamayo, P.; Pacheco, J.; Thomas, C.; de Brito, J.; Rico, J. Mechanical and durability properties of concrete with coarse recycled aggregate produced with electric arc furnace slag concrete. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ahmadi, M.; Farzin, S.; Hassani, A.; Motamedi, M. Mechanical properties of the concrete containing recycled fibers and aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 144, 392–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duan, Z.H.; Poon, C.S. Properties of recycled aggregate concrete made with recycled aggregates with different amounts of old adhered mortars. Mater. Des. 2014, 58, 19–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, B.; Qureshi, L.A.; Shah, S.H.A.; Rehman, S.U.; Hussain, I.; Iqbal, M. A step towards durable, ductile and sustainable concrete: Simultaneous incorporation of recycled aggregates, glass fiber and fly ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 251, 118980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otsuki, N.; Miyazato, S.I.; Yodsudjai, W. Influence of recycled aggregate on interfacial transition zone, strength, chloride penetration and carbonation of concrete. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2003, 15, 443–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Afroughsabet, V.; Ozbakkaloglu, T. Mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete containing steel and polypropylene fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 94, 73–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, B.; Raza, S.S.; Hussain, I.; Iqbal, M. Influence of different fibers on mechanical and durability performance of concrete with silica fume. Struct. Concr. 2020, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurda, R.; de Brito, J.; Silvestre, J.D. Water absorption and electrical resistivity of concrete with recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2019, 95, 169–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Composition | Cement | Silica Fume | Physical Properties | Cement | Silica Fume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silica (SiO2) | 23.4% | 90–94% | Specific-gravity [48] | 3.10 | 2.25 |
Alumin (Al2O3) | 5.7% | 1.12% | Specific-surface-area (m2/kg) [49] | 324 | 27,000 |
Iron-oxide (Fe2O3) | 4.1% | 0.07% | Consistency (%) [50] | 29.65 | - |
Lime (CaO) | 64.45% | 0.67% | Initial-setting time (mins) [51] | 115 | - |
Magnesia (MgO) | 2.2% | 0.01% | Final-setting time (mins) [51] | 234 | - |
Sulfur-trixoxide-(SO3) | 2.8% | - | Soundness [52] | No expansion | - |
Sodium oxide-(Na2O) | 0.4% | - | Compressive strength (28-days) [53] | 47.56 | - |
Potassium oxide-(K2O) | 0.5% | - | - | - | - |
Loss on ignition (%) (LOI) | 0.61% | 1.37% | - | - | - |
Characteristics | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | |
---|---|---|---|
NA | RA | ||
Dry-compacted density (kg/m3) | 1614 | 1534 | 1267 |
Water absorption (%) | 0.95 | 0.54 | 7.94 |
10%-fine value (k.N) | - | 154 | 123 |
Particle-density | 2.65 | 2.70 | 2.34 |
Max.-aggregate size (mm) | 4.75 | 12.5 | 12.5 |
Min.-particle size (mm) | - | 4.75 | 4.75 |
Property | Material Type | Filament-Diameter (mm) | Filament-Length (mm) | Youngs Modulus (GPa) | Tensile Strength (GPa) | Specific Gravity | Melting Point (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Alkali-resistant glass | 0.014 | 6–12, 12–18 (mixed) | 72 | 1.7 | 2.63 | Above 900 |
Mix IDs | Cement (kg) | Silica Fume (kg) | Fine Aggregate (kg) | NA (kg) | RA (kg) | Water (kg) | Plasticizer (kg) | Glass Fiber (kg) | Slump (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | 475 | 0 | 650 | 1075 | 0 | 180 | 0.0 | 0 | 9.8 |
NC-SF5 | 451 | 24 | 650 | 1075 | 0 | 180 | 1.3 | 0 | 9.1 |
NC-SF10 | 428 | 48 | 650 | 1075 | 0 | 180 | 1.8 | 0 | 10.4 |
NC-GF | 475 | 0 | 644 | 1069 | 0 | 180 | 2.5 | 13 | 8.7 |
NC-GF-SF5 | 451 | 24 | 644 | 1069 | 0 | 180 | 3.1 | 13 | 8.2 |
NC-GF-SF10 | 428 | 48 | 644 | 1069 | 0 | 180 | 3.4 | 13 | 9.6 |
RC | 475 | 0 | 650 | 0 | 994 | 180 | 0.0 | 0 | 9.5 |
RC-SF5 | 451 | 24 | 650 | 0 | 994 | 180 | 1.3 | 0 | 10.4 |
RC-SF10 | 428 | 48 | 650 | 0 | 994 | 180 | 1.8 | 0 | 9.2 |
RC-GF | 475 | 0 | 644 | 0 | 988 | 180 | 2.5 | 13 | 8.7 |
RC-GF-SF5 | 451 | 24 | 644 | 0 | 988 | 180 | 3.1 | 13 | 9.5 |
RC-GF-SF10 | 428 | 48 | 644 | 0 | 988 | 180 | 3.4 | 13 | 10.6 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ali, B.; Ahmed, H.; Ali Qureshi, L.; Kurda, R.; Hafez, H.; Mohammed, H.; Raza, A. Enhancing the Hardened Properties of Recycled Concrete (RC) through Synergistic Incorporation of Fiber Reinforcement and Silica Fume. Materials 2020, 13, 4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184112
Ali B, Ahmed H, Ali Qureshi L, Kurda R, Hafez H, Mohammed H, Raza A. Enhancing the Hardened Properties of Recycled Concrete (RC) through Synergistic Incorporation of Fiber Reinforcement and Silica Fume. Materials. 2020; 13(18):4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184112
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Babar, Hawreen Ahmed, Liaqat Ali Qureshi, Rawaz Kurda, Hisham Hafez, Hussein Mohammed, and Ali Raza. 2020. "Enhancing the Hardened Properties of Recycled Concrete (RC) through Synergistic Incorporation of Fiber Reinforcement and Silica Fume" Materials 13, no. 18: 4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184112