Bio-Wastes as an Alternative Household Cooking Energy Source in Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Background of the Country
2. Methodology
2.1. Description of the System Analyses
2.2. Determining the Study Assumptions
2.2.1. Energy Demand for Cooking
2.2.2. Thermal Output of the Conversion Systems
Stoves | Technology | Feedstock | LHV (GJ/t) | Efficiency (%) b | Thermal output (GJ/t) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSF | traditional | residues or dung | 15 | 10 | 1.5 |
ISB | briquetting | residues | 19 | 20 | 3.8 |
Biogas | AD | residues | 8.8 a | 55 | 4.8 |
Biogas | AD | dung | 6.2 a | 55 | 3.4 |
2.2.3. Availability of Bio-Wastes
Crops | Land area (Mha) | Crop yield (t/ha) | RPR | Residues (t/ha) | Available residues (t/ha) | Available residues (mt) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teff | 2.8 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 3.3 |
Barley | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Wheat | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 2.3 |
Sorghum | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
Maize | 2.0 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 1.3 | 2.6 |
Finger millet | 0.4 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
Other crops * | 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1.4 |
Total/ave. | 12.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 11.0 |
Bio-wastes | Annual yield | Unit | Availability factor | Annual available yield | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residues | 3.0 | t/ha | 0.3 | 0.9 | t/ha |
Dung | 0.7 | t/cow | 0.4 | 0.3 | t/cow |
2.2.4. Driving the System Relationship
3. Results
3.1. Resources Required to Meet the Households’ Demands
Conversion technologies | Households biomass resources required to meet the demand | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Residues (t) | Land (ha) | Dung (t) | Cows | |
TSF | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 15 |
ISB | 1.6 | 1.8 | - | - |
Biogas | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 6 |
3.2. Availability of Resources to Meet the Households’ Demand
Tenure size | Land (10 6 ha) | Households (10 6) | Holders (%) | Average holding (ha/hh) | Residues (ton/hh) | Potential energy (GJ/hh) | Useful energy per hh (GJ) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gross | available | gross | available | briquette | biogas | |||||
0.1–0.5 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 33 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 9 | 3 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
0.51–1.0 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 25 | 0.5 | 2 | 0 | 29 | 9 | 2 | 2 |
1.01–2.0 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 25 | 1.1 | 3 | 1 | 59 | 18 | 4 | 5 |
2.01–5.0 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 15 | 2.2 | 6 | 2 | 117 | 35 | 7 | 9 |
5.01–8.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 2 | 4.2 | 13 | 4 | 227 | 68 | 14 | 18 |
8.01–11 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 8.5 | 25 | 8 | 458 | 137 | 29 | 37 |
total/ave | 12.2 | 13.9 | 100 | 0.9 | 3 | 1 | 48 | 14 | 3 | 4 |
Cattle holding size | Cattle (106) | Holders (106) | Holders (%) | Cattle per hh | Dry dung per household (tons) | Potential energy (GJ/hh) | Useful energy | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gross | available | gross | available | biogas (GJ/hh) | |||||
1–2 | 6 | 4 | 35 | 2 | 1 | 0.4 | 19 | 8 | 1 |
3–4 | 13 | 4 | 32 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 44 | 18 | 3 |
5–9 | 22 | 3 | 26 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 88 | 35 | 7 |
10–19 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 120 | 48 | 9 |
20–49 | 4 | 0.1 | 1 | 35 | 24 | 10 | 435 | 174 | 33 |
Total/av | 53 | 12 | 100 | 4 | 3 | 1.2 | 56 | 22 | 4 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Opportunities and Challenges of Using Bio-Wastes as Cooking Energy Sources
4.2. Comparing the Results
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tucho, G.T.; Nonhebel, S. Bio-Wastes as an Alternative Household Cooking Energy Source in Ethiopia. Energies 2015, 8, 9565-9583. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099565
Tucho GT, Nonhebel S. Bio-Wastes as an Alternative Household Cooking Energy Source in Ethiopia. Energies. 2015; 8(9):9565-9583. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099565
Chicago/Turabian StyleTucho, Gudina Terefe, and Sanderine Nonhebel. 2015. "Bio-Wastes as an Alternative Household Cooking Energy Source in Ethiopia" Energies 8, no. 9: 9565-9583. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099565