Deep Geothermal Energy Production in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Concepts of Geothermal Energy Production
2.1. Hydrothermal Systems
2.2. Petrothermal Systems
3. Key Parameters
4. Project Planning
- (1)
- Preliminary Study (6–12 months)
- Definition of project objectives
- Data compilation
- Technical draft
- (2)
- Feasibility Study (12–24 months)
- Data acquisition
- Quantification of exploration risk
- Financial analysis
- (3)
- Exploration (18–24 months)
- Obtaining permits
- Seismic exploration
- First drilling
- Hydraulic tests and well stimulation
- Decision on strike
- (4)
- Field Development (18–24 months)
- Second drilling
- Hydraulic tests
- Construction of surface facilities
- Securing licence area at the local mining authority
- (5)
- Start-up and Commissioning (3–6 months)
4.1. Preliminary Study
P | Capacity | W |
ρF | Fluid density | kg·m−3 |
cF | Specific heat capacity at constant pressure | J·kg−1·K−1 |
Q | Flow rate, production rate | m3·s−1 |
Ti and To | Input and output temperature of the geothermal plant | K |
4.2. Feasibility Study
4.3. Exploration
4.4. Field Development
5. Environmental Impact
6. Geothermal Installations
6.1. Overview of Geothermal Installations in Germany
Location | Installed capacity (MW) | Production (GWh/a) | Wellhead temperature (°C) | Production rate (L/s) | Depth (m TVD) | Stratigraphy | Reporting year | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Power | Heat | Power | Heat | ||||||
North German Basin | |||||||||
Neubrandenburg * | - | - | - | - | 65–78 | 11–28 | 1268 | Rhaetian | 2011 |
Neustadt-Glewe | - | 4.0 | - | 17.6 | 97 | 11–35 | 2450 | Rhaetian | 2012 |
Waren | - | 1.3 | - | 3.1 | 63 | 17 | 1565 | Rhaetian | 2012 |
Upper Rhine Graben | |||||||||
Bruchsal | 0.4 | - | 1.2 | - | 123 | 24 | 2542 | Middle Bunter | 2013 |
Insheim | 4.3 | - | 14.2 | - | 165 | 65 | 3800 | Basement | 2013 |
Landau (Palatinate) | 3.0 | 5.0 | 13.2 | 3.0 | 159 | 40 | 3291 | Bunter, Basement | 2012 |
South German Molasse Basin | |||||||||
Aschheim | - | 9.8 | - | 48.7 | 85.4 | 39–75 | 2630 | Malm | 2013 |
Dürrnhaar ** | 5.5 | - | - | - | ca. 135 | ca. 130 | 4114 | Malm | - |
Erding | - | 10.2 | - | 37.6 | 62–63 | 6–36 | 2359 | Malm | 2013 |
Garching | - | 8.0 | - | 10.2 | 74 | 100 | 2226.3 | Malm | 2012 |
Kirchstockach ** | 5.5 | - | - | - | 138.8 | ca. 120 | 3881.6 | Malm | - |
München (Riem) | - | 12.0 | - | 48.0 | 94.5 | 35–85 | 2747 | Malm | 2011 |
Oberhaching | - | 38.0 | - | 48.8 | 127.5 | 137 | 3755.2 | Malm | 2013 |
Poing | - | 9.0 | - | 37.0 | 76.2 | 100 | 3049 | Malm | 2013 |
Pullach *** | - | 11.5 | - | 45.7 | 104 and 80 | 55 and 23 | 3505 | Malm | 2013 |
Sauerlach **,*** | 5.0 | 4.0 | - | - | ca. 140 | 110 | 4480 | Malm | - |
Simbach-Braunau | - | 7.0 | - | 48.0 | 80.5 | 61.1 | 1941 | Malm | 2013 |
Straubing | - | 2.1 | - | 2.9 | 36.5 | 17.5 | 824.8 | Malm | 2011 |
Traunreut ** | - | 7.0 | - | - | ca. 108 | 50 | 4645.8 | Malm | - |
Unterföhring | - | 9.5 | - | 29.0 | 86 | ca. 75 | 1986 | Malm | 2012 |
Unterhaching | 3.4 | 38.0 | 6.9 | 107.6 | 123.3 | 120 | 3590 | Malm | 2013 |
Unterschleißheim | - | 8.0 | - | 40.1 | 78 | 65–93.3 | 1960 | Malm | 2013 |
Waldkraiburg | - | 16.4 | - | 2.8 | 109 | 20 | 2718 | Malm | 2012 |
Total | 27.1 | 200.7 | 35.5 | 530.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
6.2. Geothermal Installations in Northern Germany
6.3. Geothermal Installations in the Upper Rhine Graben
6.4. Geothermal Installations in the South German Molasse Basin
7. Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Agemar, T.; Weber, J.; Schulz, R. Deep Geothermal Energy Production in Germany. Energies 2014, 7, 4397-4416. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7074397
Agemar T, Weber J, Schulz R. Deep Geothermal Energy Production in Germany. Energies. 2014; 7(7):4397-4416. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7074397
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgemar, Thorsten, Josef Weber, and Rüdiger Schulz. 2014. "Deep Geothermal Energy Production in Germany" Energies 7, no. 7: 4397-4416. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7074397