Influence of Chemical Blends on Palm Oil Methyl Esters’ Cold Flow Properties and Fuel Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biodiesel Fuel Properties
3. Methodology
3.1. Materials
Property | Ethanol | Butanol | Diethyl ether | POME |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical Formula | C2H5OH | C4H10O | C4H10O | - |
Molecular Weight (g/mole) | 46.07 | 74.12 | 74.12 | - |
Carbon weight% | 52.2 | 64.8 | 64.8 | 76.2 |
Hydrogen weight% | 13.1 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 12.6 |
Oxygen weight% | 34.7 | 21.6 | 21.6 | 11.2 |
Specific Gravity @ 20 °C | 0.790 | 0.8100 | 0.714 | 0.880 * |
Boiling point, °C | 78 | 116 | 34.6 | - |
Freezing point, °C | −114.1 | −89.5 | −116 | - |
Viscosity (cSt) @ 20 °C | 1.52 | 3.64 | 0.34 | 4.61 ** |
Flash point, °C | 16.6 | 35 | −45 | 135 |
Auto ignition temperature, °C | 363 | 343 | 160 | - |
Vapour Density, (Air = 1) | 1.59 | 2.6 | 2.55 | - |
Heating value (MJ/kg) | 29.7 | 33 | 34 | 38.6 |
3.2. Fatty Acid Composition
3.3. Preparation of POME-Chemicals Blends
Fuel | POME (vol%) | E (vol%) | BU (vol%) | DE (vol%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
B100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
B-E1 | 99 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
B-E3 | 97 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
B-E5 | 95 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
B-BU1 | 99 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
B-BU3 | 97 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
B-BU5 | 95 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
B-DE1 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
B-DE3 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
B-DE5 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
3.4. Fuel Properties Measurements
3.4.1. Density Measurement
3.4.2. Kinematic Viscosity Measurement
3.4.3. Acid Value Measurement
3.4.4. Energy Content Measurement
3.4.5. Cloud Point and Pour Point Measurement
3.5. Engine Test
4. Results and Discussion
No. | Fatty Acid | Structure | Formula | Molecular Mass | POME (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lauric | 12:0 | C12H24O2 | 200 | 0.3 |
2 | Myristic | 14:0 | C14H28O2 | 228 | 1.0 |
3 | Palmitic | 16:0 | C16H32O2 | 256 | 43.3 |
4 | Palmitioleic | 16:1 | C16H30O2 | 254 | 0.1 |
5 | Margaric | 17:0 | C17H34O2 | 270 | 0.1 |
6 | Stearic | 18:0 | C18H36O2 | 284 | 5.4 |
7 | Oleic | 18:1 | C18H34O2 | 282 | 49.2 |
8 | Arachidic | 20:0 | C20H40O2 | 312 | 0.4 |
9 | Eicosenoic | 20:1 | C20H38O2 | 310 | 0.1 |
Saturation | - | - | - | 50.6 | |
Unsaturation | - | - | - | 49.4 | |
Total | - | - | - | 100.0 |
5. Conclusions
Abbreviations
POME | Palm oil methyl ester |
FAME | Fatty acid methyl esters |
CP | Cloud point |
PP | Pour point |
DE | Diethyl ether |
E | Ethanol |
BU | Butanol |
B100 | Pure biodiesel |
B-E | Biodiesel-ethanol blend |
B-DE | Biodiesel-diethyl ether blend |
B-BU | Biodiesel-butanol blend |
AV | Acid value |
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ali, O.M.; Yusaf, T.; Mamat, R.; Abdullah, N.R.; Abdullah, A.A. Influence of Chemical Blends on Palm Oil Methyl Esters’ Cold Flow Properties and Fuel Characteristics. Energies 2014, 7, 4364-4380. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7074364
Ali OM, Yusaf T, Mamat R, Abdullah NR, Abdullah AA. Influence of Chemical Blends on Palm Oil Methyl Esters’ Cold Flow Properties and Fuel Characteristics. Energies. 2014; 7(7):4364-4380. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7074364
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Obed M., Talal Yusaf, Rizalman Mamat, Nik R. Abdullah, and Abdul Adam Abdullah. 2014. "Influence of Chemical Blends on Palm Oil Methyl Esters’ Cold Flow Properties and Fuel Characteristics" Energies 7, no. 7: 4364-4380. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7074364