Energy Inputs in Food Crop Production in Developing and Developed Nations
Abstract
:Introduction
Energy Resources
Crops | 901 x 106 tons | 14.4 x 1015 BTU |
Pasture | 600 x 106 tons | 9.6 x 1015 BTU |
Forest | 527 x 106 tons | 8.4 x 1015 BTU |
Total | 2,028 x 106 tons | 32.4 x 1015 BTU |
Resources | U.S. | China | World |
---|---|---|---|
Land (FAOSTAT, 2001) | |||
Cropland (ha) | 0.48 | 0.08 | 0.22 |
Pasture (ha) | 0.79 | 0.33 | 0.52 |
Forest (ha) | 0.79 | 0.11 | 0.59 |
Total (ha) | 2.78 | 0.46 | 1.97 |
Water (liters x 106) | 2.0 | 0.46 | 0.60 |
Fossil fuel (BP, 2005 Oil equivalents (liters) | 9,500 | 1,400 | 2,100 |
Fuel | U.S. | World |
---|---|---|
Petroleum | 40.1 | 168 |
Natural gas | 23.0 | 103 |
Coal | 22.3 | 115 |
Nuclear | 8.2 | 28 |
Biomass | 3.0 | 30 |
Hydroelectric power | 3.4 | 27 |
Geothermal and wind power | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Biofuels | 0.5 | 0.9 |
Total | 100.9 | 472.7 |
Food Crop Production, Energy Inputs and Economic Costs
Corn
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 634 hrsa | 1,170g |
Bullock (pair) | 200 hrsh | 1,300b |
Machinery | 10 kgc | 185d |
Nitrogen | 71 kgf | 1,200e |
Phosphorus | 36 kgf | 145e |
Manure | 600 kga | 961b |
Seeds | 33.6 kgf | 121d |
TOTAL | 5,082 | |
Corn yield = 1,721 kga | 6,200d | |
Kcal input: output = 1:1.08 |
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 | Costs $ |
---|---|---|---|
Labor | 11.4 hrsa | 462b | 148.20c |
Machinery | 55 kgd | 1,018e | 103.21f |
Diesel | 40 Li | 405j | 20.80g |
Nitrogen | 155 kga | 2,480k | 85.25l |
Phosphorus | 79 kga | 328m | 48.98n |
Potassium | 84 kga | 274o | 26.04p |
Lime | 1,120 kgq | 315r | 19.80 |
Seeds | 21 kgd | 520d | 74.81s |
Irrigation | 8.1 cmt | 320u | 123.00v |
Herbicides | 6.2 kgw | 620z | 124.00 |
Insecticides | 2.8 kgx | 280z | 56.00 |
Electricity | 13.2 kWhy | 34aa | 0.92 |
Transport | 204 kgbb | 169cc | 61.20 |
TOTAL | 8,228 | $926.97 | |
Corn yield 9,400 kg/hadd | 33,840 | Kcal input: output 1:4.11 |
Wheat
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 684 hrsb,e | 165d |
Machinery | 10 kgg | 185c |
Diesel | 35 Lg | 350c |
Nitrogen | 22 kgb | 352a |
Phosphorus | 58 kgb | 234a |
Seeds | 202 kgb | 606c |
Transportation | 200 kgb | 51c |
TOTAL | 1,943 | |
Wheat yield = 1,788 kge | 6,437 kcal input: output = 1:3.31 |
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 7.8 hrsa | 312d |
Machinery | 50 kge | 925e |
Diesel | 100 Lb | 1,000e |
Nitrogen | 68.4 kgc | 1,094e |
Phosphorus | 33.7 kgc | 143e |
Potassium | 2.1 kgc | 6f |
Seeds | 60 kga | 218f |
Herbicides | 4 kga | 400g |
Insecticides | 0.5 kga | 5g |
Electricity | 14 kWha | 12e |
Transport | 198 kga | 67e |
TOTAL | 4,182 | |
Wheat yield 2,900 kg/ha | 10,765 kcal input: output 1:2.57 |
Rice
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 1,703 hrsa | 2,380c |
Bullocks | 328 hrsa | 357a |
Machinery | 2.5 kgb | 5f |
Nitrogen | 12.3 kga | 197d |
Phosphorus | 2.5 kga | 113d |
Manure | 3,056 kga | 5,071a |
Seeds | 44 kga | 160a |
Pesticides | 0.3 kga | 30d |
TOTAL | 8,313 | |
Rice yield = 1,831 kga | 6,591b kcal input: output = 1: 0.79 |
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 11 hrsa | 462 |
Machinery | 38 kgb | 703 |
Diesel | 373 La | 3,730 |
Nitrogen | 161 kga | 2,576 |
Phosphorus | 35 kga | 156 |
Potassium | 26 kga | 94 |
Seeds | 141 kga | 560 |
Irrigation | 250 cmb | 9,877 |
Herbicides | 2.8 kga | 280 |
Insecticides | 0.1 kga | 10 |
Electricity | 282 kWha | 728 |
Transport | 450 kga | 150 |
TOTAL | 19,346 | |
Rice yield 7,616 kg/hac | 27,418 kcal input: output 1:1.42 |
Soybeans
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 6 hrsa | 240b |
Machinery | 20 kgc | 360d,e |
Diesel | 38.8 La | 444f |
Nitrogen | 3.7 kgg | 59h |
Phosphorus | 37.8 kgg | 156i |
Potassium | 14.8 kgg | 48j |
Limestone | 2000 kgo | 562c |
Seeds | 56 kga | 450k |
Herbicides | 1.7 kga | 170d |
Electricity | 10 kWhc | 29l |
Transport | 150 kgm | 16n |
TOTAL | 2,524 | |
Soybean yield 2,600 kg/hap | 9,360 kcal input: output 1:3.71 |
Potato
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 35 hrsa | 1,600c |
Machinery | 50 kgb | 925e |
Diesel | 350 Lb | 3,990f |
Nitrogen | 319 kgb | 5,104g |
Phosphorus | 241 kgb | 1,085h |
Potassium | 196 kgb | 627i |
Sulfur | 95 kgb | 572e |
Seeds | 24 kgb | 30e |
Herbicides | 6.7 kgb | 670e |
Insecticides | 9.0 kgb | 900e |
Fungicides | 10 kgb | 10,000e |
Electricity | 47 kWhd | 40j |
Transport | 2,000 kgk | 94l |
TOTAL | 14,817 | |
Potato yield 44,000 kg/ham | 25,168 kcal input: output 1: 2.76 |
Cassava
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 1,632 hrsa | 3,050c |
Draft animal (buffalo) | 200 hrsb | 495b |
Machinery | 5 kgb | 93d |
Nitrogen | 90 kge | 1,440f |
Phosphorus | 45 kge | 19g |
Potassium | 45 kge | 16h |
Manure | 2,500 kgi | 4,146b |
Cassava sticks (planting) | 6,000 sticks b (120 bundles) b | 268 b |
TOTAL | 9,527 | |
Cassava yield 19,000 kgj | 71,940 | |
kcal input:output = 1:7.57 |
Tomato
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 184 hrsa | 1,600e |
Machinery | 100 kgb | 925f |
Diesel | 250 Lc | 2,850 f |
Nitrogen | 75 kgg | 1,200c |
Phosphorus | 196 kgg | 96c |
Potassium | 308 kgg | 100c |
Lime | 1,120 kgg | 358c |
Seedlings | 32,000a | 600c |
Herbicides | 1.5 kgd | 150f |
Insecticides | 0.72 kgd | 72 f |
Fungicides | 32.3 kgd | 3,230 f |
Electricity | 232 kWhc | 200c |
Transportation | 691 kgc | 80c |
TOTAL | 20,578 | |
Tomato yield = 80,000 kgh | 16,000 | |
kcal output/kcal input = 1: 0.78 |
Oranges
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 200 hrsa | 10,000b |
Machinery | 50 kgc | 585d |
Diesel | 337 La | 4,700d |
Nitrogen | 196 kga | 3,136d |
Phosphorus | 98 kga | 294d |
Potassium | 196 ka | 314d |
Lime | 1,120 kga | 353d |
Herbicides | 0.8 kga | 8e |
Insecticides | 0.3 kga | 300e |
Fungicides | 1.5 kga | 150e |
Electricity | 40 kWha | 129d |
Transport | 228 kga | 59d |
TOTAL | 20,028 | |
Citrus yield 48,000 kg/haf | 22,300 kcal input: output 1:1.11 |
Apples
Inputs | Quantity | kcal x 1000 |
---|---|---|
Labor | 400 hrsa | 20,000b |
Machinery | 88 kga | 1,029c |
Diesel | 2,000 Ld | 40,000c |
Nitrogen | 50 kge | 800d |
Phosphorus | 114 kga | 627f |
Potassium | 114 kga | 231g |
Lime | 682 kga | 1,438h |
Herbicides | 6 kgi | 6c |
Insecticides | 47 kgi | 47,000c |
Fungicides | 49 kga | 49,000c |
Electricity | 40 kWhi | 129j |
Transport | 3,000 kgk | 102l |
TOTAL | 166,356 | |
Apple yield 54,000 kg/hae | 30,294 kcal input: output 1:0.18 |
Irrigated Crops
Economics of Food Crop Production
World Food and Role of Fossil Energy
Changes in Crop Yields
Role of Fossil Energy in Crop Production
Renewable Energy and Future Agricultural Production
Science and Technology
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
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Pimentel, D. Energy Inputs in Food Crop Production in Developing and Developed Nations. Energies 2009, 2, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/en20100001
Pimentel D. Energy Inputs in Food Crop Production in Developing and Developed Nations. Energies. 2009; 2(1):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/en20100001
Chicago/Turabian StylePimentel, David. 2009. "Energy Inputs in Food Crop Production in Developing and Developed Nations" Energies 2, no. 1: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/en20100001
APA StylePimentel, D. (2009). Energy Inputs in Food Crop Production in Developing and Developed Nations. Energies, 2(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/en20100001