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Review

Review on Nano Enhanced PCMs: Insight on nePCM Application in Thermal Management/Storage Systems

by
Fateh Mebarek-Oudina
* and
Ines Chabani
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of 20 Août 1955-Skikda, Skikda 21000, Algeria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031066
Submission received: 13 December 2022 / Revised: 10 January 2023 / Accepted: 16 January 2023 / Published: 18 January 2023
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Abstract

:
Phase change materials (PCMs) proved to be valuable and drew the attention of numerous scientists striving to establish novel techniques to minimize energy consumption and expand heat storage; yet a number of challenges hampered their research. This paper provides an overall overview on how to overcome those constraints by adapting nano-enhanced phase change materials, the motivation behind their investigation, their advantages, area of applications, and their impact on thermal management and storage equipment. Recent computational and experimental studies have revealed that nanoparticles are extremely useful in terms of improving the thermo-physical properties of PCMs, allowing nano-PCMs, mainly nano-paraffin, to have a major positive influence on thermal concepts at the economical, ecological, and effectiveness levels. In this context, nano-enhanced PCMs are now able to store and release large amounts of heat in short intervals of time, which is relevant to thermal storage systems and contributes to augmenting and boosting their efficiency. It also improves the thermal performance of cooling and heating systems in buildings and regulates the operating temperature of PV systems, electronic components, and batteries.

1. Introduction

Heat transfer has traditionally been regarded one of the most important things that people rely on for survival, since thermodynamics works extensively and continually with rules to optimize thermal systems and obtain as much energy as possible [1,2]. Moreover, due to the current evolution, it is critical to strive harder and apply innovative techniques for energy enhancement and savings [3,4,5,6], which, if not well dealt with, would lead to extreme energy losses, yielding to one of the sectors that most affect the global world’s economic and environmental aspects [7,8,9].
Because heat is one of the most chaotic forms of energy, yet our main necessity and comfort sensor, thermal energy storage and management is getting a large amount of attention, and controlling it guarantees a healthy and wealthy lifestyle [10,11,12]. Hence, various insulation approaches and renewable energy incorporations for buildings and thermal systems are being improved and developed by scholars representing one of the contentious issues worldwide [13,14,15,16,17].
However, other scientists have been drawn to the idea of latent heat [18,19], which supplies fluids and materials with enough energy to change their physical state without requiring any temperature variation, as depicted in Figure 1. This idea inspired experts [20,21,22,23,24] to exploit “Phase Change Materials” known today as PCMs.
PCMs [26,27] are compounds that can either accumulate or emit sufficient amounts of energy to generate precisely the right ambience for the required circumstances. These features can be considered of great potential notably in heat storage and temperature adjustment systems [28,29,30]; in this context, investigating phase change materials’ potential in thermal storage systems is of a significant importance [31,32]. PCMs include organic, inorganic, and eutectic compounds as illustrated in Figure 2; nonetheless, paraffines are the most exploited ones, particularly paraffin wax, due to their safety, non-corrosive behavior, availability, and cheapness [33,34].
One example is paraffin wax, which has a great heat capacity value enabling enormous storage capacity and a low melting point that is able to provide enhanced storage/releasing amounts of energy at small temperature differences compared to other classical heat storage materials [36,37], as depicted in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Thus, it is crucial to exploit its solidification–melting (solid–liquid) process.
In this context, since these phase change materials and different types of Paraffin wax attracted the interest of many scientists, increased numbers of research papers dealing with their employment in thermal systems are being published [40,41], and some of these works and their outcomes are presented in Table 1.
Such characteristics are vital when it comes to altering the efficiency of heat systems, thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption [51,52,53]. Even though these properties are exceedingly important and phase change materials provided prodigious thermal behavior, the poor thermal conductivity of some PCMs [53,54] is acknowledged as a detriment and an impediment to an extensive evaluation of their features.
Nonetheless, there are approaches for increasing PCM performance [55,56,57,58,59,60]. Sweidan et al. [61] exploited a phase-field porous media technique, Ruiz-Cabañas et al. [62] investigated the direct steam generator method that led to a steam-PCM heat exchanger, and Mundra et al. [63] reviewed numerous enhancing strategies ranging from upgrading the design of the system to the thermal conductivity.
Other researchers contributed by including highly conducted extension “nanoparticles” to PCMs [64,65,66]. Nanoparticles, with their great thermal conductivities, low heat capacities, prices, and availability [61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] present an amazing compromise regarding heat transfer enhancement, and mainly the boosting of thermo-physical properties.
Hence, their incorporation in PCMs is one of the most often used procedures these days, according to multiple reports [75,76,77,78,79,80] that indicated substantial improvements in heat transfer when employing these fluids as stated in Table 2. Thus, it is indeed a widely adopted strategy recently employed in order to leverage their thermo-physical properties [81,82].
As a result, nano-PCMs were introduced into the heat exchange industry and excellent outcomes were achieved, as explained in Figure 5 [83,84,85,86].
From an economic standpoint, the cost of this technique is rather low compared to the considerable advantages ensured by the inclusion of nanoparticles and phase change materials in systems on their overall thermal performance. These high-quality nanoparticles and phase change materials can be obtained for less than $50, and some even for less than $10, all depending on their type, size, purity level, and thermo-physical properties [95,96].

2. Impact of Nanoparticles on PCM’s Physical Behavior

Managing the addition of nanoparticles in phase change materials requires the study and understanding of the impact of the thermo-physical properties of these nanoparticles on those of the PCMs. The following equations describe the altering of the characteristics of the nano-enhanced phase change materials, particularly with the volume fraction of the nanoparticles.
  • Density, latent heat, heat capacity, and thermal expansion:
As shown in the following formulas [97,98,99], the characteristics of the nePCM (ne = nano-enhanced) incorporate both PCM and nanoparticle features; hence, the excellent thermo-physical properties of the nanoparticles play a significant role in the final values of the properties of these fluids. Variations in the concentration of the used nanoparticle would have a substantial impact, as increasing it would reduce the influence of the phase change material’s poor qualities and strengthen the involvement of the nanoparticles excellent properties, which would then boost the overall characteristic of the nePCM. We may deduce that the suspended nanoparticles profoundly adjust the properties of the base fluid.
ρ n e P C M = 1 − ϕ ρ P C M + ϕ ρ n p
ρ L n e P C M = 1 − ϕ ρ L P C M
ρ C p n e P C M = 1 − ϕ ρ C p P C M + ϕ ρ C p n p
ρ β n e P C M = 1 − ϕ ρ β P C M + ϕ ρ β n p
  • Thermal conductivity:
When it comes to the thermal conductivity of the nano-enhanced phase change material [100], the following expression details how this attribute is greatly influenced by the nanoparticle’s properties, namely: the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles, their volume fraction, and shape factor. Theoretically speaking, it is recommended to enhance all these features of the nanoparticle in order to improve the low thermal conductivity of the PCM.
k n e P C M k P C M = k n p + m − 1 k P C M − m − 1 k P C M − k n p φ k n p + m − 1 k P C M − k P C M − k n p φ
  • Thermal diffusivity:
The next equation [100] describes how the thermal diffusivity of the nano-enhanced PCM is defined as aproportion of the thermal conductivity, density, and heat capacity of the nePCM. Therefore, exploiting the high thermal conductivity and reduced heat capacity of the nePCM would produce an exceptional thermal diffusivity that would provide a great thermal transmission.
α n e P C M = k n e P C M ρ C p n e P C M
  • Dynamic viscosity:
According to Brinkman’s formula [101] for calculating the dynamic viscosity, it is observed that the enhanced properties of the nanoparticles would critically alter the nePCM viscosity, as the volume fraction regulates their presence in the base fluid, being the phase change material.
μ n e P C M = μ P C M 1 − ϕ 2.5

2.1. Influence of Thermal Conductivity

The thermo-physical features of nanoparticles contributed tomaking a giant leap in the thermal industry, with their significant enhanced thermal conductivities and low heat capacities. Several research papers compared the physical characteristics of pure PCMs with nano-PCMs and investigated different aspects.
Gagan et al. [102] investigated thermal conductivities of pure paraffin PCM and CuO-based pure paraffin for different temperatures; the results of the study are illustrated in Figure 6. The authors reported that the thermal conductivity of the PCM with incorporated CuO nanoparticles is significantly higher than that of the pure PCM; it is also worth mentioning that each implementation of more nanoparticles yields to an increase in the thermal conductivity of the nano-PCM. These outcomes reveal that the volume fraction of the nanoparticles and their presence are proportional to the improvement of thermal conductivity.
Furthermore, Figure 6 also displays the effect of temperature on K of the PCM and nano-PCM; the thermal conductivity of the CuO-Paraffin is particularly incremented when augmenting the T whereas the fluctuation of k of the pure paraffin is small. Thus, we can deduce that augmenting the concentration of the nanoparticles in the PCMs improves the thermal conductivity mainly atenhanced temperatures.
Sheikholeslami [103] investigated the impact of nanoparticles on the solidification rate; his results showed improvement in the solid fraction when utilizing nano-PCM compared to when only using a pure PCM. Thus, the solidification phenomena are completed in a shorter time when increasing the volume fraction of the nanoparticles, due to their great thermal conductivity that valorizes the conduction mode and accelerates the solidification rate.
Other researchers [104] experimentally examined the thermal efficiency of an energy storage system filled with PCMs and filled with water. Their outcomes showed that adding several nanoparticles to the base fluid contributed to reducing the charging time of the water and helped gain pumping energy; this enhancement is dependent on the type of the nanoparticles and their different thermal conductivities in Table 3, as CuO nanoparticles provided better results than the Al2O3 nanoparticles.

2.2. Influence of Shape Factor

Faraji et al. [106] on the other hand studied the impact of the shape factor of nanoparticles on the efficiency of the PCM; their outcomes highlighted the fact that increasing the shape factor of NPs enhances the high melting rate and can also augment the amount of stored heat which can significantly enhance the cooling process. In particular, inserting nanoparticles with a shape factor greater than 5.7 [107], Figure 7, can lead to considerable improvements in the properties of PCMs.
Mechai et al. [110] recently established a mathematical model to explore a heat storage system using a nano-enhanced phase change material. The solidification of Alumina-PCM was evaluated in a finned structure by shifting numerous factors, including the shape factor of the nanoparticles.
The authors observed that the application of blade-shaped nano-particles promoted the acceleration of the solidification process, which effectively decreased the phase transition time by around 22% compared to the other types of nanoparticles with shape factors less than that of the blades.
Other new investigations by different scholars [111,112,113] agreed on the fact that incorporating all types of nanoparticles with high shape factor values is a parametric key to the reduction of the phase change time melting/solidification by up to 30%, mainly when increasing their volume fractions.
Moreover, a numerical evaluation was sustained by Rothan [114] in which a duct filled with a nano-enhanced phase change material was studied. The decrease in the freezing time of the nePCM is shown to be proportional to the increase in the shape factor of the nanoparticles. The platelet-shaped nanoparticles with m = 5.7 and an increment in the volume fraction led to an 82% enhancement in the freezing rate.
Further findings are presented in Table 4.

3. Nano-PCM Applications

Recent research showed that the employment of nano-enhanced phase change materials can be widely and significantly advantageous in many areas, especially in terms of enhancement of the efficiency of thermal systems, which can result in financial savings, time savings, and environmentally friendly aspects [129,130,131,132]. The use of nePCMs is now essentially focused on two areas: thermal management systems and thermal storage systems [133,134]; with thermal management applications ranging from guaranteeing thermal comfort in building envelopes [135,136] to moderating the temperature of photovoltaic systems [137,138], cooling of battery stacks [139,140], and of other electronic components [141,142]; as well as exploiting solar collectors and conventional storage systems with nePCMs in the thermal storage field [143,144].

3.1. Thermal Management

Novel applications of nano-PCMs in the building area are being studied both numerically and experimentally, in order to achieve an equilibrium between thermal comfort and energy consumption [145,146,147,148,149]; Al Qattan [150] numerically analysed the incorporation of nano-PCMs in urban buildings in Egypt and reported interesting results. Comparing to conventional cases of buildings, the nePCM case provided 22% energy savings for both heating and cooling and contributed to absorbing CO2 out of the ambiance, which resulted in 18% reduction in CO2 levels. Furthermore, Zhenjun et al. [151] inserted PCMs and nano-PCMs into a ventilating system and stated that the enhanced solidification/melting process of nePCM compared to the pure one boosted the charging and discharging heat rate by 8% and 25%, respectively.
Moreover, dispersed nePCMs in glazed windows appear to enable minimum energy consumption in all seasons according to the findings of Dong et al. [152], and the work of Sayyar et al. [153] confirmed that employing nePCMs in building envelopes can ensure thermal comfort with a 79% decrease in energy consumption. On the other hand, researchers such as Al-Waeli et al. [154] experimentally evaluated different aspects of a PV system with nano-enhanced paraffin wax, and the results indicated that, compared to the 68°C of conventional solar PV systems, the temperature of the PV module with nePCM was dramatically decreased to roughly 312.15 K. As a result, the PV system may operate in a more standard state, leading to increased electrical efficiency and the possibility of the usage of the extracted heat in other applications.
These findings are supported by the numerical work of [155,156] that reported that introducing nePCMs into PV panels dramatically enhanced the electrical performance of the system by reducing its overall temperature. Furthermore, Gholamreza et al. [157], studying the effect of nePCMs on the performance of a lithium-ion battery, revealed that the mixture of PCMs and nanoparticles with excellent thermo-physical characteristics gave greater thermal efficiency, and therefore they may effectively enhance the definition of thermal management. Further details and research are presented in Table 5.

3.2. Thermal Storage

Thermal storage systems that adapt latent heat are commonly spread in thermal transmission field; thus, introducing nePCMs to these systems can generate great advantages. Several studies conducted research into the employment of nano-enhanced PCMs in thermal storage systems [174,175,176], particularly the exploitation of storing solar renewable energy that can lead to excellent results if combined with nePCMs [177,178]. An available, free, and clean thermal energy that can be absorbed and stored by nano-enhanced PCMs and released through phase transition when needed can completely revolutionize thermal industrial systems by supplying financial gains, environmental support, and quality energy [179,180]. More details and investigations are presented in Table 6.

4. Development and Limitations of nePCMs

Even though the nano-enhanced phase change materials boosted the performance of thermal storage systems and provided excellent outcomes, from reducing energy consumptions and saving the unnecessary use of energy, there are still some limitations concerning the phase change materials that need to be addressed in future researches in order to enlarge the employment of the new fluids in real life applications; and although paraffin wax and different organic PCMs are of good use, the inorganic phase change materials present a huge gap when it comes to the employment of their qualities [192,193].
Constraints such as the cycles number that a phase change material can endure is of great importance in the thermal field; when it comes to paraffin wax, several studies confirmed the conformity of this PCM, as it can undergo and withstand many thermal cycles without any change, which makes it a stable and reliable phase change material [194,195]. Many studies, on the other hand, pronounced some inorganic ones inappropriate for use in thermal storage systems, such as urea, which lost its stability after 30 cycles [196], and other PCMs that only performed a few cycles [197,198].
In this context, it is recommended that future research address these restraints, and develop techniques that allow the generalization of the employment of all types of phase change materials and maximize and exploit their qualities along with the outstanding behavior of the nanoparticles.

5. Conclusions

This study offered a critical evaluation on how thermal system efficiency is substantially strengthened in many areas through the employment of nano-enhanced phase change materials. The excellent thermo-physical characteristics of the nanoparticles significantly affected the behavior of the PCM, resulting in improved thermal performance.
Nano-enhanced PCMs are considered excellent options for thermal systems since their integration results in faster melting/solidification rates, enabling the phase transition to occur in considerably less time than systems with pure PCM. Moreover, due to improved thermo-physical of nanoparticles, nePCM employment increases the overall heat capacity, and hence great thermal storage follows the presence of nePCMs. Further research demonstrated that temperature management is also provided by the combination of nanoparticles and PCMs, which ensures thermal comfort at a very low cost.
Thus, it is essential to mention that nano-enhanced PCMs provide extended energy savings for superior thermal performance. We can infer the following conclusions based on the above-mentioned literature findings:
  • Nano-enhanced PCMs have a great potential in the electronics cooling field.
  • Modern buildings can establish insulation and ventilation process by nePCMs to reduce energy consumption.
  • Photovoltaic systems’ electrical efficiency can be fully exploited with nePCMs.
  • With nePCMs, further solar energy may be harvested.
  • Ecological equilibrium can be achieved by investing in nePCMs.
Despite the positive outcomes of dispersing nano additives into phase change materials, further research is required to determine how the enhancement caused by nePCMs might contribute to viscosity growth and entropy formation.

Author Contributions

All authors made equal contributions to this manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

PCMPhase change materials
nePCMNano-enhanced phase change materials
TESThermal energy storage
PVPhotovoltaic
npNanoparticle
Symbols
kThermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)
ρDensity (kg m−3)
CpSpecific heat (Jkg−1 K−1)
µDynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)
αThermal diffusivity (m2 s−1)
βThermal expansion (K−1)
φVolume fraction of the nanoparticle (%)
LLatent heat (kJ/kg)
TTemperature (K)
mShape factor of nanoparticles

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Energies 16 01066 g001 550
Figure 1. Description of latent and sensible heat [25].
Figure 1. Description of latent and sensible heat [25].
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Figure 2. Types of PCMs [35].
Figure 2. Types of PCMs [35].
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Figure 3. Melting temperature of some heat storage materials for storing 5000 kJ of energy [38].
Figure 3. Melting temperature of some heat storage materials for storing 5000 kJ of energy [38].
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Figure 4. Heat capacities of different heat storage materials for ∆T = 298.15 K [39].
Figure 4. Heat capacities of different heat storage materials for ∆T = 298.15 K [39].
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Figure 5. Nano-enhanced PCM advantage.
Figure 5. Nano-enhanced PCM advantage.
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Figure 6. Thermal conductivity of PCM and nano-PCM for different T.
Figure 6. Thermal conductivity of PCM and nano-PCM for different T.
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Figure 7. Shape factors of different nanoparticles [108,109].
Figure 7. Shape factors of different nanoparticles [108,109].
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Table
Table 1. Advantages of phase change materials.
Table 1. Advantages of phase change materials.
AuthorsThermal SystemRevelations
Charvát et al. [42]Numerical and experimental investigation on a unit of heat storage filled with paraffin wax for a solar system
  • In the same temperature range, the latent heat principle permits the PCM to have a greater thermal storage capacity than normal fluids working withsensible heat.
  • The adaption of phase change materials in solar systems, which may be used with full or partial melting, is relevant to the increase inthe efficiency of heat storage.
Osterman et al. [43]Numerical and experimental analysis in an office envelope embedded with an air-based solar collector and Paraffin thermal storage unit.
  • The performance of phase change materials is of significance for weather patterns occurringbetween day and night, whichenablesthe PCM to absorb and release substantial quantities of heat/cold.
  • Using phase change materials in a workplace saves 142 kWh of energy annually, while maintaining the standard levels of comfort.
Stropnik et al. [44]Experimental inquiry on the employment of PCMs in a storage tank.
  • Phase change materials are able to increase the stored heat at low constant temperatures, which would allow the tank overall size to be reduced.
Arumuruet al. [45]Heat sink with cylindrical fins and PCM studied experimentally.
  • Selecting the appropriate PCM based on its melting temperature enables excellent cooling, which improves the performance of the electronic equipment.
Maranda et al. [46]Electronic component with a PCM package experimentally considered.
  • Maintaining a cooling process with a PCM package and a thermal spreaderconsiderably decreased the device’s temperature by 348.15K, thereby avoiding overheating and assuring peak performance.
Devaux and Farid [47]Numerical study with Energy-Plus on the incorporation of phase change materials in two huts.
  • Adjusting phase change materials in walls, floors, and roofs substantially improves the building’s comfort.
  • PCMs integrated in heating systems attributedmajor load shifting, resulting in a guaranteed 32% energy savings in winter.
Chow and Lyu [48]Double-pipe water–heat exchanger with a PCM layer evaluated with a FORTRAN code.
  • The new heat exchanger increases the availability of hot water on warm summer days by transferring greater heat gains to the water.
Salihi et al. [49]Simulation with Energy-Plus software of a building with PCMs layers in its walls.
  • Both the location and the thickness of the layer of the PCM have an influence of the overall annual energy consumption of the building.
  • Energy savings in summer and winter are consistent with placing the PCM layer on the inner and outer side of the walls, respectively.
Mosavi et al. [50]Computational study on the behavior of paraffin in a heat sink with rectangular fins.
  • By lowering the size and number of the fins, high thermal transmission is obtained, enabling efficient melting and circulation of phase change material.
Table
Table 2. Impact of nanoparticles on heat transfer.
Table 2. Impact of nanoparticles on heat transfer.
AuthorsNanoparticlesFindings
Liu et al. [87]SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O345% overall enhancement in thermal efficiency when introducing nanoparticles.
Adnan et al. [88]AgConformity of nanoparticle usage with industrial and engineering sectors.
Chabani et al. [89]Cu, and TiO2The great thermal conductivity of nanoparticles promotes enhanced exploitation of thermal configuration.
Mebarek-Oudina [90]TiO2Thermal efficiency is directly related to the incremented presence of nanoparticles.
Asogwa et al. [91]Al2O3 and CuOThe type and thermo-physical aspects of the nanoparticles determine theheat absorption rateand circulation.
Yongxiang et al. [92]Fe2O3, ZnO, Ag, and SiO2Nanoparticles can alter and increase the thermal conductivity of the base fluid.
Ali et al. [93]MgO, CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2Thermo-physical properties of nanoparticles present them as great candidates for heat exchange, cooling and heating systems.
Maghrabie et al. [94]MWCNT and Al2O3Nano-fluids can absorb prolonged amounts of heat and thus alter the heat exchanger performance.
Table
Table 3. Thermal conductivities of nanoparticles and paraffin and [105].
Table 3. Thermal conductivities of nanoparticles and paraffin and [105].
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)
CuO33
Al2O317.65
Paraffin0.21
Table
Table 4. Numerical and experimental research on nano-PCMs.
Table 4. Numerical and experimental research on nano-PCMs.
ConfigurationFindingsReferences
Numerical analysis of a 2D square enclosure filled with a solid nano-PCMThe melting process is accelerated when introducing nanoparticles.[115]
Storage system with plain encapsulated paraffin PCMSolidification and melting duration are lessened for PCM with Al2O3.[116]
Double-tube heat exchanger tested numerically Including nano-PCMs in heat exchangers boost their thermal efficiency, with a 39% reduction in melting process.[117]
Concentric tube in a heat exchanger with PCMs simulated Heat storage rate is intensified as nanoparticles are induced.
Addition of nanoparticles in PCMs should be controlled to maintain an equilibrium between kinematic viscosity and heat transfer. 		[118]
Porous thermal system (shell and tube) filled with nano-PCMs numerically modelled 13% of melting time is gained when suspending several nanoparticles in PCMs.[119]
Computational evaluation of a multi-tube thermal system with nePCMUp to 22% of energy savings is obtained, owing to the thermal conductivity of nano-enhanced PCMs.[120]
Quantitative inquiry on a parallelepiped tank with nano-PCMEnergy storage rate of the TES is enhanced for the nano-PCM comparing to metal foam. [121]
Numerical examination of a triplex tube heat exchanger50% thermal transfer increase through the nano-PCM distribution.[122]
Simulation of a rectangular thermal energy storage system with nano-PCMsThe addition of nanoparticles in PCMs improves thermal transmission and melting rate substantially.[123]
Melting and solidification process of nano-PCM numerically Alumina nanoparticles enhanced the PCM’s thermal conductivity. [124]
Modelling of the melting of nano-enhanced PCMNanoparticle concentration and Rayleigh number are proportional to melting time decrease. [125]
Cavity filled with pure PCM and nePCM managed numerically and experimentally The exceeding augmentation in nanoparticle volume fraction strengthens the viscosity and thus deteriorates the thermal performance.[126]
BICPV thermo-electrical system with micro-fins, PCM, and nano-PCM experimentally evaluated Heat transfer coefficient is augmented when combing micro-fins and nano-PCMs. Temperature reduction of 19%, thus boosting the cooling performance. [127]
Experimental investigation on the charging and discharging process in a heat exchanger using water, air, and nano-PCMs Increasing nanoparticle concentration reduces the charging duration by almost 9%.[128]
Table
Table 5. Nano-enhanced phase change materials in thermal management systems.
Table 5. Nano-enhanced phase change materials in thermal management systems.
ApplicationAuthorsFindings
Electronic component coolingKrishna et al. [158]25% reduction in the evaporator temperature.
NePCM can save up to 53% of the electrical energy supposedly supplied to the fan.
Kumar et al. [159]15 °C decrease in temperature is reported.
Faraji et al. [160]Nusselt number is enhanced with nePCM and thus contributes to extended cooling of the microprocessor.
Kothari et al. [161]Temperatures of electronic elements drop with nePCM.
Cooling of batteriesAl-Rashed [162]Hybrid nanoparticle suspensions in PCMs enhanced the thermal properties.
Murali et al. [163]Nano-enhanced PCM regulated the temperature distribution under 50 °C.
Temel et al. [164]Working temperature of the battery cell experiences major decrease through nePCM.
Heyhat et al. [165]Nanoparticles contributed to managing the working temperature of the battery.
BuildingsBarreneche et al. [166]Thermo-stability of nePCMs makes them compatible with building performance improvement.
Ashok et al. [167]Thermal comfort is achieved at a low cost in buildings that use nePCMs.
Martín et al. [168]Nano-enhanced PCMs ensure protracted enhanced thermal effectiveness.
Bahrami et al. [169]Temperature fluctuations of the envelope are regulated by 52% due to the nePCM.
Nano-enhanced PCM reduced the ventilating system consumption by 7%.
PV systemsAbdollahi and Rahimi [170]Electrical productivity is improved by almost 50% for the nePCM case.
Kandeal et al. [171]Adapting cooling process with nano-enhanced PCMs is a reliable strategy.
Ergün [172]Upgrading the system with nePCMs delivers 42 W of energy savings and ensures a decreased rate of energy destruction.
Abdelrazik et al. [173]High thermal and electrical performance are provided by the nePCM owing to the overall temperature regulation in July.
Table
Table 6. Enhancement of thermal storage with nePCMs.
Table 6. Enhancement of thermal storage with nePCMs.
AuthorsConceptionResults
Singh et al. [181]Finned conical TESCharging time of TES with nePCM is much lower than that of pure PCM.
Mousavi et al. [182]Cylindrical TESMelting time of nePCM is shorter when adding fins.
Lohrasbi et al. [183]Finned heat pipe TESProlonged heat storage is reported for the nePCM case.
Selimefendigil and Şirin [184]Parabolic greenhouse dryerTES with nePCM lowered the average energy consumption.
Nanoparticles contribution reduced the drying time by 58%.
Sharma et al. [185]Heat storage equipmentNano-enhanced organic PCMs highly enhance the energy storage rate.
Algarni et al. [186]Tube solar collectorEmploying nano-enhanced PCMs boosted the thermal efficiency and produced heated water for extended periods.
Elarem et al. [187]Evacuated Tube Solar CollectorNano-enhanced PCM intensifies and accelerates thermal transmission.
Punniakodi and Senthil [188]Solar thermal storage systemThermal storage enhancement is directly related to nanoparticle addition to PCMs.
Yang et al. [189]Glass thermal storage envelopeMaximum performance is reached when increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction.
Khan et al. [190]Solar collectorsStrong thermal transfer is associated with high temperature outlet values, which nePCMs assure.
Khanlari et al. [191]Solar air heaterAbsorbing coefficient is augmented by presence of nePCMs.
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Mebarek-Oudina, F.; Chabani, I. Review on Nano Enhanced PCMs: Insight on nePCM Application in Thermal Management/Storage Systems. Energies 2023, 16, 1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031066

AMA Style

Mebarek-Oudina F, Chabani I. Review on Nano Enhanced PCMs: Insight on nePCM Application in Thermal Management/Storage Systems. Energies. 2023; 16(3):1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031066

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mebarek-Oudina, Fateh, and Ines Chabani. 2023. "Review on Nano Enhanced PCMs: Insight on nePCM Application in Thermal Management/Storage Systems" Energies 16, no. 3: 1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031066

APA Style

Mebarek-Oudina, F., & Chabani, I. (2023). Review on Nano Enhanced PCMs: Insight on nePCM Application in Thermal Management/Storage Systems. Energies, 16(3), 1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031066

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