Self-Excited Acoustical System Frequency Monitoring for Refractory Concrete under Uniaxial Compression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Self-Excited Acoustical System (SAS) for Indirect Stress Changes Monitoring
- —wave velocity of the stresses sample [],
- —wave velocity of unstressed sample [],
- —acoustoelastic coefficient [],
- —stress [].
- the energy source (constant),
- oscillating object,
- energy supply regulator for an oscillating object,
- positive feedback loop.
3. Research Methodology
4. Experimental
4.1. Materials Preparation and Characterization Techniques
4.2. SAS Resonance Frequency Monitoring for Concrete Samples with Different Thermal History
4.3. Introduction of Alumina Waveguide to SAS
5. Results
5.1. Load and Resonance Frequency Characteristics of Materials with Different Thermal History
5.2. Resonance Frequency Monitoring with SAS Working in Conjunction with Alumina Waveguide
6. Discussion
6.1. Influence of the Thermal History on the Load and Resonance Frequency Characteristics
6.2. Introduction of Alumina Waveguide to SAS
- —frequency of the SAS system [],
- —time constant for the measurement stand [s],
- —delay time for wave transmission between the emitter and receiver [s],
- —dumping coefficient [−].
6.3. Limitations of the Study
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Piezo: PS-X-03-6/500 | Piezo: PS-X-03-6/1000 | Electromechanical | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Weight | 40 [g] | 35 [g] | 10 [g] |
2 | Flat frequency range | 50 [kHz] | 100 [kHz] | 115 [kHz] |
3 | Capacity | <250 [nF] | <30 [nF] | - |
4 | Stroke | 2.4 [µm] | 1,2 [µm] | 2.5 [mm] |
5 | Preload on piezo | 400 [N] | 500 [N] | - |
6 | Blocking force | 5 [kN] | 5 [kN] | 1 [kN] |
7 | Piezoelectric modulus (d33) | 1.22 × 10 [m/V] | 1.22 × 10 [m/V] | - |
Sample | Volumetric Density [g/cm] | RFDA | Resonance | SAS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Acoustic | Piezo- | ||||||
E | E | Emitter | Emitter | |||||
[GPa] | [Hz] | () | [GPa] | [Hz] | [Hz] | [Hz] | ||
Non-sintered | 2.47 | 34.8 | 3151 | 4.23 | 35.9 | 7150 | 1543 | 3404 |
Sintered | 2.49 | 45.5 | 3505 | 5.08 | 46.5 | 8050 | 6945 | 14,350 |
Acoustic Emitter | Piezo-Emitter | ||
---|---|---|---|
100–1500 [kg] | 100–800 [kg] | 100–800 [kg] | |
Non-sintered | |||
Sintered |
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Kieliba, I.; Dominik, I.; Lalik, K.; Tonnesen, T.; Szczerba, J.; Telle, R. Self-Excited Acoustical System Frequency Monitoring for Refractory Concrete under Uniaxial Compression. Energies 2021, 14, 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082222
Kieliba I, Dominik I, Lalik K, Tonnesen T, Szczerba J, Telle R. Self-Excited Acoustical System Frequency Monitoring for Refractory Concrete under Uniaxial Compression. Energies. 2021; 14(8):2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082222
Chicago/Turabian StyleKieliba, Ilona, Ireneusz Dominik, Krzysztof Lalik, Thorsten Tonnesen, Jacek Szczerba, and Reiner Telle. 2021. "Self-Excited Acoustical System Frequency Monitoring for Refractory Concrete under Uniaxial Compression" Energies 14, no. 8: 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082222