Contributions and Risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Building Smarter Cities: Insights from a Systematic Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual and Application Background
3. Materials and Method
4. Results
4.1. General Observations
4.2. AI in the Economy Dimension of Smart Cities
4.3. AI in the Society Dimension of Smart Cities
4.4. AI in the Environment Dimension of Smart Cities
4.5. AI in the Governance Dimension of Smart Cities
5. Discussion
- AI has an evident potential to provide a positive change in our cities, societies and businesses by promoting a more efficient, effective and sustainable transition/transformation;
- AI, with its technology, algorithms, and learning capabilities, can be a useful vehicle in automating the problem solving and decision-making processes; that in return could reform urban landscapes, and support the development of smarter cities;
- AI in the context of smart cities is an emerging field of research and practice. Hence, further research is needed to consolidate the knowledge in the field;
- The central focus of the literature is on AI technologies, algorithms, and their current and prospective applications;
- AI applications in the context of smart cities mainly concentrate on business efficiency, data analytics, education, energy, environmental sustainability, health, land use, security, transport, and urban management areas, and;
- Upcoming disruptions of AI on cities and societies have not been adequately investigated in the literature; thus, further investigations are needed on that issue.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Author | Title | Journal | Aim | Relevance | Domain | Paradigm | Application | Method | Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abduljabbar et al. [98] | Applications of artificial intelligence in transport | Sustainability | To provide an overview of AI techniques applied to transport. | Advocates that AI in the transport field is aimed at decreasing VKT thus reducing emissions and other environmental degradation. | Environment | LB KB PM ML EI SO | ES DN NN DAI EA | FS DL SI GA | Smart Transport |
Ajerla et al. [99] | A real-time patient monitoring framework for fall detection | Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing | To develop a framework that uses edge computing to send data from wearable devices. | Describes the use of machine learning in improving fall detection devices. | Society | PM ML | NN CV | AR | IoT Smart Health |
Alam et al. [77] | Data fusion and IoT for smart ubiquitous environments | IEEE Access | To review existing literature on data fusion and IoT with a focus on mathematical models. | Discusses the benefits of AI in relation to data fusion. | Economy | LB KB PM ML SO | ES DN NN EA | FS BN DL GA | IoT |
Allama & Dhunny [100] | On big data, artificial intelligence and smart cities | Cities | To provide information on the use of AI and big data in smart cities. | Provides insights regarding the application of AI to public safety and security. | Governance | LB KB PM ML | ES NN | FS | IoT |
Alsamhi et al. [101] | Survey on collaborative smart drones and internet of things for improving smartness of smart cities | IEEE Access | To show how drones and IoT can improve the smartness of cities. | Provides insights into how autonomous drones can be used for security, safety measures. | Governance | PM ML SO | NN CV EA | AR IR MV GA | IoT Drones |
Altulyan et al. [149] | A unified framework for data integrity protection in people-centric smart cities | Multimedia Tools and Applications | To address data integrity from an end-to-end perspective. | Describes how block chain and fog computing can be used to manage data integrity. | Economy | n/a | n/a | n/a | IoT |
Alzoubi et al. [102] | Prediction of environmental indicators in land levelling using artificial intelligence techniques | Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering | To develop AI techniques in land levelling. | Discusses using AI in land levelling. | Environment | ML | NN | n/a | n/a |
Bajaj & Sharma [82] | Smart education with artificial intelligence-based determination of learning styles | Procedia Computer Science | To develop a framework for student learning styles using learning models and ratification intelligence. | Develops a framework for AI to improve adaptivity in teaching. | Society | LB KB PM ML EI SO | ES DN PP NN DAI EA | FS BN BPS MAS SI GA | Smart Education |
Bennett & Hauser [137] | Artificial intelligence framework for simulating clinical decision-making | Artificial Intelligence in Medicine | To developing a framework for using AI to address healthcare challenges. | Describes how AI could lead to improvements in diagnosis and treatment. | Society | PM EI | DAI | MAS | Smart Health |
Bose [78] | Artificial intelligence techniques in smart grid and renewable energy systems | Proceedings of the IEEE | To explain application of AI in smart grids and renewable energy systems | Provides insights into the use of smart grids for prediction, estimation and control of power systems. | Environment | LB KB ML | ES NN AS | FS DL | Smart Energy |
Brady [103] | The challenge of big data and data science | Annual Review of Political Science | To identify innovative methods for answering previously hard-to-tackle questions about society. | Provides insights into how AI can improve decision-making, efficiency, and reduce errors and uncertainty. | Economy | ML | NN | n/a | n/a |
Braun et al. [83] | Security and privacy challenges in smart cities | Sustainable Cities and Society | To identify possible solutions to five smart city challenges. | Provides insights into the use of AI for cyber security. | Governance | ML | NN | n/a | Smart Surveillance |
Bui & Jung [104] | Computational negotiation-based edge analytics for smart objects | Information Sciences | To develop a computational negotiation approach on IoT systems where distributed edge devices can make their own decisions. | Describes the potential for AI and smart traffic control systems to communicate with connected-AV, and make real-time decisions to improve the efficiency of the transport network. | Economy | ML EI | AS | n/a | IoT |
Cai et al. [105] | Deep learning-based video system for accurate and real-time parking measurement | IEEE Internet of Things Journal | To develop an accurate and real-time video system for future IoT and smart cities applications | Discusses using AI for real-time measurements to make parking more efficient. | Environment | ML | NN | DL | IoT Smart Parking |
Casares [84] | The brain of the future and the viability of democratic governance | Futures | To identify AI implications and the potential challenges in democratic societies. | Identifies the potential for AI to contribute to public governance. | Governance | ML | NN | DL | n/a |
Castelli et al. [144] | Predicting per capita violent crimes in urban areas | Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing | To combine a version of genetic programming with a local search method | Describes the use of AI in crime prediction and optimal allocation of law enforcement. | Governance | SO | EA | GA | n/a |
Chassignol et al. [85] | Artificial Intelligence trends in education | Procedia Computer Science | To identify the prospective impact of AI technologies on the study process. | Identifies the potential for AI to develop innovative teaching methods, and improve student outcomes. | Society | ML | NN | n/a | Smart Education Augment. Reality Virtual Reality |
Chatterjee et al. [164] | Success of IoT in smart cities of India | Government Information Quarterly | To combine IoT with AI in smart machines to simulate intelligent behavior and assist autonomous decision making. | Describes the use of AI to obtain data from IoT to understand acceptance of new technologies. | Governance | n/a | n/a | n/a | IoT ICT |
Chau [69] | A review on integration of artificial intelligence into water quality modelling | Marine Pollution Bulletin | To reviewing the current state-of-the-art AI and its application in water quality modelling. | Provides insights into how AI can be used to develop more accurate water quality modelling | Environment | LB KB ML SO | ILP ES NN EA | FS DL GA | Smart Environment |
Chen et al. [107] | An intelligent robust networking mechanism for the internet of things | IEEE Communications Magazine | To enhance the robustness of IoT topologies | Identifies how AI can reduce uncertainty in relation to robustness optimization, improve the cost and efficiency of network communications and protect against cyber-attacks. | Economy | ML SO | NN EA | DL GA | IoT Smart Energy |
Chen et al. [106] | Cognitive-LPWAN | IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking | To provide information regarding current wireless communication technologies, and other technologies | Provides insights into how AI can be used to improve communication networks | Economy | ML | NN | DL | IoT |
Chmiel [74] | INSIGMA | Multimedia Tools and Applications | To investigate using intelligent transport systems for improving safety, mobility and environmental outcomes. | Describes using intelligent transport systems to improve congestion. | Environment | PM ML | CV | IR MV | Smart Transport |
Chui et al. [86] | Energy sustainability in smart cities | Energies | To show ways in which AI can support energy sustainability. | Provides insights in the use of AI to monitor energy consumption. | Environment | ML SO | EA | GA | IoT Smart Energy |
Cortes et al. [136] | Artificial intelligence and environmental decision support systems | Applied intelligence | To provide an overview of the impact of AI on environmental decision support systems. | Identifies how AI can assist in environmental decision-making | Environment | LB KB PM | Expert System DN | n/a | Smart Environment |
Cui et al. [108] | Big data analytics and network calculus enabling intelligent management of autonomous vehicles in a smart city | IEEE Internet of Things Journal | To develop a new online AV fleet management scheme that controls congestion in cities. | Discusses using AI to reduce travel time in AV. | Environment | ML | n/a | n/a | IoT Smart Transport |
De Paz et al. [75] | Intelligent system for lighting control in smart cities | Information Sciences | To develop a new intelligent lighting system for cities. | Describes the use of AI to control public lighting to optimize power usage. | Environment | PM ML EI | CV NN DAI | IR MV MAS | Smart Energy |
Desouza et al. [109] | Designing, developing, and deploying artificial intelligence systems | Business Horizons | To reflect and provide insights from AI projects in the public sector. | Discusses how cognitive computing systems are able simulate human thought and learning and can be used for fraud detection, decision-support, and online assistance. | Governance | ML | NN | DL | n/a |
Devedzic [147] | Web intelligence and artificial intelligence in education | Educational Technology & Society | To survey important aspects of web intelligence in the context of AI in education | Discusses how AI can improve adaptability in learning environments, and create more comfortable learning environments. | Society | EI | DAI | ABM | Smart Education |
Din et al. [110] | Machine learning in the internet of things | Future Generation Computer Systems | To examine different IoT based machine learning mechanisms | Identifies machine learning as an important component for IoT particularly regarding data management. | Economy | ML | NN | DL | IoT |
Dobrescu & Dobrescu [87] | Artificial intelligence (AI) | Global Economic Observer | To present trends, analyses and perceptions of AI. | Presents the benefits and disadvantages of integration of AI into all areas of socio-economic life | Society | PM ML | NLP CV NN | DL IR NLU NLG | n/a |
Dong et al. [111] | Energy-efficient fair cooperation fog computing in mobile edge networks for smart city | IEEE Internet of Things Journal | To examine the convexity of the optimization problem and design a fairness cooperation algorithm. | Identifies IoT and AI as two of the most important technologies to help enable smart cities particularly regarding big data analysis. | Economy | ML | n/a | n/a | IoT |
Drigas & Ioannidou [71] | Artificial intelligence in special education | International Journal of Engineering Education | To review studies that use AI methods in making accurate diagnosis. | Discusses how AI can stimulate problem solving, particularly in special needs students, to enhance the way children interact with their environment. | Society | LB KB ML | ES NN | FS | Smart Education |
Edwards et al. [88] | I, teacher: using artificial intelligence (AI) and social robots in communication and instruction | Communication Education | To argue the importance of using AI in teaching. | Examines the role of teacher in an AI enabled education system. | Society | ML | NLP | NLG | Social Robots Smart Education |
Eldrandaly et al. [148] | PTZ-surveillance coverage based on artificial intelligence for smart cities | International Journal of Information Management | To develop AI algorithm for adjusting the orientation of pan-tilt-zoom surveillance cameras. | Discusses the use of AI technology to automatically improve the field of view of surveillance cameras | Governance | EI | DAI | SI | IoT Smart Surveillance |
Falco et al. [162] | A master attack methodology for an AI-based automated attack planner for smart cities | IEEE Access | To identify solutions for cyber safety of critical infrastructure. | Identifies the potential for automated tools to evaluate cyber threats to infrastructure. | Governance | n/a | n/a | n/a | IoT |
Feng & Xu [63] | Hybrid artificial intelligence approach to urban planning | Expert Systems | To present a hybrid AI system for use in urban planning. | Describers how AI can assist with knowledge-based decision making. | Environment | LB KB ML | ES NN | FS DL | n/a |
Fernández et al. [138] | An intelligent surveillance platform for large metropolitan areas with dense sensor deployment | Sensors | To maximize the number of deployable units in surveillance while minimizing costs. | Presents an intelligent surveillance platform for surveillance of public spaces | Governance | PM | CV | IR | Smart Surveillance |
Garlík [79] | The application of artificial Intelligence in the process of optimizing energy consumption in intelligent areas | Neural Network World | To monitor and control the operation of selected smart objects. | Discusses the use of AI for energy optimization | Environment | ML SO | NN EA | GA | Smart Energy |
Guilherme [153] | AI and education | AI & Society | To identify use of AI in assessing education and the relations between teachers and students, and students and students. | Identifies new roles for teachers in education. | Society | n/a | n/a | n/a | Smart Education |
Guo & Li [89] | The application of medical artificial intelligence technology in rural areas of developing countries | Health Equity | To review the literature concerning the prospects of medical AI technology, and application in rural areas. | Identifies AI as a means to improve equality between rural and urban health areas. | Society | ML | NN | n/a | Smart Health |
Guo et al. [90] | Artificial intelligence-based semantic internet of things in a user-centric smart city | Sensors | To discuss the links between AI and IoT in the context of smart city | Describes how AI can contribute to environmental monitoring. | Environment | PM ML | DN NN | BN DL | IoT |
Håkansson [91] | Ipsum: an approach to smart volatile ICT-infrastructures for smart cities and communities | Procedia Computer Science | To create smart volatile ICT infrastructures in cities. | Discusses using AI for customized health care. | Society | ML | n/a | n/a | IoT ICT Cyber-Physical Smart Infrastructure |
Hanson & Marshall [67] | Artificial intelligence applications in the intensive care unit | Critical Care Medicine | To review application of AI in intensive care. | Describes how AI as a monitoring tool can assist intensive care providers and resulting in reduced costs and improved patient outcomes | Society | LB KB ML SO | ES NN EA | FS DL GA | Smart Health |
Hariri et al. [112] | Uncertainty in big data analytics | Journal of Big Data | To review big data analytics. | Identifies AI techniques as beneficial to the accurate and timely analysis of big data. | Economy | LB KB PM ML SO | ES DN EA | FS BN | IoT |
Ibrahim et al. [113] | URBAN-i: from urban scenes to mapping slums, transport modes, and pedestrians in cities using deep learning and computer vision | Environment and Planning B | To develop framework for multipurpose realistic-dynamic urban modelling using deep CNN | Describes using deep learning to differentiate spatial structures. | Environment | PM ML | CV NN | IR DL | n/a |
Inclezan & Prádanos [156] | Overview: a critical view on smart cities and AI | Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research | To advocate using AI to solve urban problems. | Reflects, critically, on the optimistic viewpoint of AI in relation to its potential to respond to urban problems (e.g. congestion, population growth, energy efficiency, environmental degradation and safety). | Environment | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Iqbal et al. [114] | Intelligent remote monitoring of parking spaces using licensed and unlicensed wireless technologies | IEEE Network | To develop an intelligent parking system model | Describes using AI for parking utilization and optimization. | Environment | PM ML | CV NN | AR IR MV DL | IoT Smart Parking |
Jha et al. [80] | Renewable energy | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | To summarize reviews and state-of-the-art research outcomes related to renewable energies | Describes the use of AI to achieve renewable energy goals | Environment | PM ML EI SO | DN PP NN DAI EA | BN BPS GA MAS SI | Smart Energy |
Khalifa [161] | Smart cities: opportunities, challenges, and security threats | Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability | To discuss the importance and consequences of smart city development. | Identifies the opportunity for AI and smart cities to achieve better security measures | Governance | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Kopytko et al. [92] | Smart home and artificial intelligence as environment for the implementation of new technologies | Path of Science | To determine smart homes and AI as combined innovative tools. | Provides insights into the use of AI in smart homes to achieve energy savings. | Environment | LB KB ML SO | ES NN DAI EA | FS DL MAS GA | IoT Smart Homes |
Kundu [115] | Blockchain and trust in a smart city | Environment and Urbanization Asia | To provide insights into institutions that can be governed on blockchain through smart contracts. | Identifies trust as a fundamental part of smart city governance. | Governance | ML | n/a | n/a | IoT Blockchain |
Le et al. [116] | A comparative study of PSO-ANN, GA-ANN, ICA-ANN, and ABC-ANN in estimating the heating load of buildings’ energy efficiency for smart city planning | Applied Sciences | To propose four new AI techniques for forecasting the heating load of buildings | Discusses the use of AI to improve energy efficiency in buildings | Environment | ML EI SO | NN DAI EA | DL SI GA | Smart Energy |
Leung et al. [117] | AI-based sensor information fusion for supporting deep supervised learning | Sensors | To present an AI-based system which supports deep supervised learning of transport data collected from sensors | Describes using AI-based sensor to collect data from multiple sources. | Environment | ML | NN | DL | IoT GNS GPS GIS |
Li et al. [118] | Intelligent metasurface imager and recognizer | Light: Science & Applications | To propose the use of a smart metasurface imager and recognizer, empowered by a network of ANN to control data flow | Identifies the potential for AI enabled sensors and other devices to monitor health. | Society | ML | NN CV | DL MV | IoT Smart Surveillance |
Liu et al. [93] | Object tracking in vary lighting conditions for fog based intelligent surveillance of public spaces | IEEE Access | To improve the robustness and accuracy of the correlation filter-based trackers for handling intense illumination change. | Describes the use of intelligent surveillance systems in detecting abnormal circumstances, identifying and tracking targets. | Governance | PM ML | CV | AR IR MV | Smart Surveillance |
Liu et al. [119] | Modeling and simulation of robot inverse dynamics using LSTM-based deep learning algorithm for smart cities and factories | IEEE Access | To highlight the influence of the hyper-parameter settings on model performance and to explore the applicability of the Long Short-Term Memory model. | Develops a model that uses deep learning to make robots more responsive to uncertainty. | Economy | ML | NN | DL | Robotics |
Lukowicz & Slusalle [94] | How to avoid an AI interaction singularity | Interactions | To advocate for AI systems to focus on enhancing human cognitive capabilities, and develop creativity, inventiveness, and intuition, trust, ethics, and values | Discusses goals required to improve AI decision-making. | Economy | PM ML | CV NLP | IR NLU | n/a |
Lytras et al. [120] | Data analytics in smart healthcare | Applied Sciences | To identify use of AI to improve quality of life and relieve medical shortages | Describes how smart healthcare analytics can improve quality of life for patients. | Society | ML | NN | DL | IoT Smart Health |
Martins [95] | Towards smart city innovation | Revista de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação | To analyze the impact and perspectives on adopting software-defined networking and AI for smart city projects. | Describes how cognitive processing could allow innovative solutions to complex problems. | Governance | ML | NN | DL | n/a |
McArthur et al [140] | The roles of artificial intelligence in education | Journal of Educational Technology | To summarize current applications of ideas from Al to education field. | Identifies future uses of AI in the education field. | Society | LB KB | ES | n/a | Smart Education |
Meena et al. [145] | Mobile power infrastructure planning and operational management for smart city applications | Energy Procedia | To maximize the profit of utility and electric vehicle owners. | Provides insights into the use of AI to optimize energy consumption particularly electrical vehicles. | Environment | SO | EA | GA | IoT |
Muhammad et al. [121] | Intelligent and energy-efficient data prioritization in green smart cities | IEEE Communications Magazine | To highlight the key challenges of data prioritization, its future requirements, and propositions for integration into green smart cities | Discusses the use of AI to improve the efficiency of data prioritization. | Environment | ML | NN | DL | IoT |
Nápoles et al. [96] | MUSA–I: towards new social tools for advanced multi-modal transportation in smart cities | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings | To describe the general architecture and current implementation of an explicit multi-modal transport demand system for smart cities. | Discusses using AI for transport demand management. | Environment | PM ML | CV | AR IR MV | Smart Transport |
Neuhauser et al. [142] | Using design science and artificial intelligence to improve health communication | Patient Education and Counselling | To describe how the use of AI can improve the effectiveness of health communication. | Discusses how AI can improve the effectiveness of communication in health settings. | Society | LB KB | ES | n/a | Smart Health |
Noorbakhsh-Sabet [122] | Artificial intelligence transforms the future of healthcare | The American Journal of Medicine | To review the applications for machine learning in healthcare. | Identifies AI potential to increase learning and decision support in the health sector. | Society | ML | NN | DL | Smart Health |
Park et al. [123] | Dependable fire detection system with multifunctional artificial intelligence framework | Sensors | To propose new fire detection system using a multifunctional AI framework and data transfer delay minimization mechanism. | Describes how machine learning can improve fire detection systems. | Governance | ML | NN | DL | IoT Smart Fire Detection |
Patel et al. [70] | The coming of age of artificial intelligence in medicine | Path of Science | To analyze discussions which reflect on AI in the medical research field. | Discusses the use of AI in medical care. | Society | KB PM ML EI | ES DN NN DAI | BN ABM | Smart Health |
Pence [152] | Artificial intelligence in higher education | Journal of Educational Technology Systems | To explore the use of AI in education | Identifies the need for education to be adaptive in the face of rapid technology advances, and changes to employment. | Society | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Pieters [141] | Explanation and trust | Ethics and Information Technology | To investigate the relationship between explanation and trust in the context of AI | Describes the importance on online security for trust in AI systems. | Governance | LB KB | ES | n/a | n/a |
Ponce & Gutiérrez [124] | An indoor predicting climate conditions approach using internet-of-things and artificial hydrocarbon networks | Measurement | To predict the temperature of remote locations using field sensors and information from network. | Identifies methods of incorporating AI in weather monitoring to better predict changes. | Environment | ML | NN | n/a | IoT Artificial Hydrocarbon Networks |
Puri et al. [125] | Hybrid artificial intelligence and internet of things model for generation of renewable resource of energy | IEEE Access | To develop an IoT based system to generate electrical energy from multiple sensors. | Provides insights into the use of piezoelectric sensors to generate energy from body heat. | Environment | ML | NN | n/a | IoT Smart Energy |
Quan et al. [146] | Artificial intelligence-aided design | Environment and Planning B | To develop a smart design framework which uses AI to assist urban design decision-making. | Provides insights into the use of AI in the design process | Environment | SO | EA | GA | Smart Design |
Rahman et al. [126] | Blockchain and IoT-based cognitive edge framework for sharing economy services in a smart city | IEEE Access | To propose blockchain-based infrastructure to support security- and privacy-oriented spatio-temporal smart contract services. | Identifies benefits of AI in helping with data collection, fusing information from multiple sources. | Economy | ML | NN | DL | IoT Blockchain |
Ramesh et al. [68] | Artificial intelligence in medicine | Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England | To explore the proficiency of AI in medicine. | Provides insights into how AI can help with the analysis of complex medical data. | Society | LB KB ML SO | ES NN EA | FS DL GA | Smart Health |
Reaz [73] | Artificial intelligence techniques for advanced smart home implementation | Acta Technica Corvininesis-Bulletin of Engineering | To develop a platform which serves as a reference point for developing more cutting-edge smart home technologies. | Identifies how AI can be used to provide more efficient power consumption | Environment | LB KB PM ML EI | ES CV NN AS DAI | FS AR MAS | Smart Home |
Rho et al. [72] | Advanced issues in artificial intelligence and pattern recognition for intelligent surveillance system in smart home environment | Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence | To review topics strongly related to the intelligent surveillance systems in smart homes. | Describes the use of AI in home surveillance systems | Governance | ML | n/a | n/a | Smart Surveillance Smart Homes |
Roll & Wylie [143] | Evolution and revolution in artificial intelligence in education | International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education | To review papers to identify the focus and typical scenarios that occupy the field of AI and education. | Describes how AI will impact the job market and create effective educational system. | Society | LB KB | ES | n/a | Smart Education |
Ruohomaa et al. [127] | Towards smart city concept in small cities | Technology Innovation Management Review | To present the practical viewpoints, cases and experiences relating to the planning of smart cities. | Identifies shared learning and cooperation as important factors in increasing innovation and growth in smart cities. | Economy | ML | n/a | n/a | IoT |
Sgantzos & Grigg [128] | Artificial intelligence implementations on the blockchain | Future Internet | To reveal the potential combined applications of AI and blockchain. | Describes the potential for AI to be an independent source of knowledge and innovation. | Economy | ML EI SO | NN DAI EA | MAS GA | IoT Blockchain |
Shi et al. [129] | Smart textile-integrated microelectronic systems for wearable applications | Advanced Materials | To provide an overview of the progress of the smart textile field. | Describes the use of smart textiles for health care monitoring. | Society | ML | NN | n/a | Smart Textiles |
Soomro et al. [130] | Smart city big data analytics | Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery | To present classification model that studies four aspects of research in the big data analytics domain. | Provides insights into the potential for machine learning to complete complex statistical analysis and make more informed decisions. | Economy | ML SO | NN EA | GA | n/a |
Stefanelli [139] | The socio-organizational age of artificial intelligence in medicine | Artificial Intelligence in Medicine | To explore the great challenges for AI in medicine. | Identifies AI as an effective way to manage medical knowledge, and increase resources for patient care. | Society | KB | n/a | n/a | Smart Health |
Streitz [131] | Beyond ‘smart-only’ cities: redefining the ‘smart-everything’ paradigm | Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing | To present the various manifestations of the smart everything paradigm. | Identifies the need for privacy-by-design to empower people and enforce a citizen centric approach to data collection. | Governance | ML | NN | DL | IoT |
Syifa et al. [132] | An artificial intelligence application for post-earthquake damage mapping in Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia | Sensors | To develop a classification of pre- and post-earthquake satellite images using ANN and support vector machine classifiers. | Provides insights into the use of AI subsets artificial neural networks and support vector machine classifiers to identify areas affected by earthquakes | Governance | ML | NN | n/a | n/a |
Wan & Hwang [97] | Value-based deep reinforcement learning for adaptive isolated intersection signal control | IET Intelligent Transport Systems | To identify the use of reinforcement learning in signal controls. | Describes using traffic signal control methods for transport system optimization. | Environment | PM ML | PP NN | DL | Smart Transport |
Wang & Srinivasan [81] | A review of artificial intelligence-based building energy use prediction | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | To better understand of the use of ensemble models for predicting building energy use. | Discusses the use of AI in building use energy predictions. | Environment | PM ML | PP NN | n/a | n/a |
Wang et al. [133] | Exploring the application of artificial intelligence technology for identification of water pollution characteristics and tracing the source of water quality pollutants | Science of The Total Environment | To develop an AI scheme for identifying spatiotemporal water quality distributions and the relationships between water quality indicators and industrial point sources of pollutants. | Identifies the potential for AI to monitor water pollutant levels and changes | Environment | ML | NN | DL | Smart Environment |
Wei et al. [134] | Conventional models and artificial intelligence-based models for energy consumption forecasting: a review | Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering | To review conventional models and AI based models in energy consumption forecasting. | Describes how Ai can be used in energy forecasting to assist with identifying inefficiencies in energy consumption and pollution prevention. | Environment | PM ML EI SO | DN NN DAI EA | BN DL SI GA | Smart Energy |
Wogu et al. [135] | Artificial intelligence, smart classrooms and online education in the 21st century | Journal of Cases on Information Technology | To investigate impact of AI innovations in the education sector and on human development | Describes the potential changes AI will bring to the education sector. | Society | ML | n/a | n/a | Smart Education |
Wu & Silva [26] | Artificial intelligence solutions for urban land dynamics | Journal of Planning Literature | To increase understanding of how AI approaches urban and land dynamics modelling processes. | Discusses the use of AI in identifying the dynamics of urban land use. | Environment | KB ML EI SO | ES NN DAI EA | FS ABM SI GA | n/a |
Yu et al. [150] | Decentralized big data auditing for smart city environments leveraging blockchain technology | IEEE Access | To design a blockchain instantiation and conduct a comparison between the existing and proposed schemes. | Identifies the potential for AI to processing and analyzing large amounts of data | Economy | n/a | n/a | n/a | Blockchain |
Yun et al. [76] | Not deep learning but autonomous learning of open innovation for sustainable artificial intelligence | Sustainability | To build an interaction model between direct and autonomous learning. | Investigates the potential for AI to develop autonomous learning capabilities. | Economy | ML EI | AS DAI | SI | n/a |
Zou et al. [157] | Exploring urban population forecasting and spatial distribution modeling with artificial intelligence technology | Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences | To improve the precision of small area population forecasting. | Describes the use of AI in population forecasting | Environment | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
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Selection Criteria |
---|
|
Category | Element | Reference |
---|---|---|
AI paradigms | Machine learning | [26]; [63]; [67,68,69,70]; [71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135] |
Probabilistic methods | [70]; [73,74,75]; [77]; [80,81,82]; [87]; [90]; [93,94]; [96,97,98,99,100,101]; [112,113,114]; [134]; [136,137,138] | |
Knowledge-based | [26]; [63]; [67,68,69,70,71]; [73]; [77,78]; [82]; [92]; [98]; [100]; [112]; [136]; [139,140,141,142,143] | |
Search and optimization | [26]; [67,68,69]; [77]; [79,80]; [82]; [86]; [92]; [98]; [101]; [106]; [112]; [116]; [128]; [130]; [134]; [144,145,146] | |
Logic-based | [63]; [67,68]; [69]; [71]; [73]; [77,78]; [82]; [92]; [98]; [100]; [112]; [136]; [140,141,142,143] | |
Embodied intelligence | [26]; [70]; [73]; [75,76]; [80]; [82]; [98]; [104]; [116]; [128]; [134]; [137]; [147] | |
AI applications | Neural networks | [26]; [63]; [67,68,69,70]; [71]; [73]; [75]; [77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85]; [87]; [89,90]; [92]; [95]; [97,98,99,100,101,102,103]; [105,106,107]; [109,110,111,112]; [116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126]; [128,129,130,131,132,133,134] |
Evolutionary algorithms | [26]; [67,68,69]; [77]; [79,80]; [82]; [86]; [92]; [98]; [101]; [106]; [112]; [116]; [128]; [130]; [134]; [144,145,146] | |
Expert systems | [26]; [63]; [67,68,69,70]; [71]; [73]; [77,78]; [82]; [92]; [98]; [100]; [112]; [136]; [140,141,142,143] | |
Distributed artificial intelligence | [26]; [70]; [73]; [75,76]; [80]; [82]; [92]; [98]; [116]; [128]; [134]; [137]; [147,148] | |
Computer vision | [73,74,75]; [87]; [93,94]; [96]; [99]; [101]; [113,114]; [118]; [138] | |
Decision networks | [70]; [77]; [80]; [82]; [90]; [98]; [112]; [134]; [136] |
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Yigitcanlar, T.; Desouza, K.C.; Butler, L.; Roozkhosh, F. Contributions and Risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Building Smarter Cities: Insights from a Systematic Review of the Literature. Energies 2020, 13, 1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061473
Yigitcanlar T, Desouza KC, Butler L, Roozkhosh F. Contributions and Risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Building Smarter Cities: Insights from a Systematic Review of the Literature. Energies. 2020; 13(6):1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061473
Chicago/Turabian StyleYigitcanlar, Tan, Kevin C. Desouza, Luke Butler, and Farnoosh Roozkhosh. 2020. "Contributions and Risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Building Smarter Cities: Insights from a Systematic Review of the Literature" Energies 13, no. 6: 1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061473