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Article

Using Chou’s 5-Step Rule to Evaluate the Stability of Tautomers: Susceptibility of 2-[(Phenylimino)-methyl]-cyclohexane-1,3-diones to Tautomerization Based on the Calculated Gibbs Free Energies

by
Robert Dobosz
1,*,
Jan Mućko
2 and
Ryszard Gawinecki
3
1
Institute of Mathematics and Physics, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
2
Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
3
Department of Chemistry, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2020, 13(1), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010183
Submission received: 29 November 2019 / Revised: 20 December 2019 / Accepted: 24 December 2019 / Published: 1 January 2020
Browse Figures
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Abstract

Gibbs free energies, based on DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations, prove that enaminone (2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione) and ketamine (2-[(phenylimino)-methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione) are the most and least stable tautomeric forms of the studied systems, respectively. 1H and 13C NMR spectra prove that 2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones are the only tautomeric species present in dimethylsulfoxide solution (a very weak signal can be seen only for the p-methoxy derivatives). The zwitterionic character of these enaminones is strengthened by naphthoannulation and by the insertion of the electron-withdrawing substituent into the benzene ring (the latter weakens the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the compound). Substituent and naphtoannulation have no effect on the stability of the studied tautomers. Slight twisting of the benzene ring, with respect to the CArNC plane (seen in the crystalline state), was proven to also take place in vacuum and in solution.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Tautomerism plays a very important role in biochemistry, organic chemistry, pharmacology, and molecular biology. To understand the mechanisms of many chemical reactions and biological processes, we require an understanding of this phenomenon first. A low energy barrier between tautomers causes the process of tautomerization to be influenced by many external (e.g., temperature changes, solvent) and internal (structural) factors, such as: molecule structure, possible formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, introduction of a substituent to the molecule, or ring benzoannulation [1,2,3].
Knowledge of the structures of organic compounds, three-dimensional protein structures, and their complexes with ligands, is very important in drug design. Of course, crystallography and NMR are important tools for determining three-dimensional structures [4,5,6,7,8], but research is time-consuming and costly. The tools of structural bioinformatics ([9] and papers cited therein), whose rapid development led to an unprecedented revolution in medical chemistry [10], come to our aid. Computational biology plays an increasingly important role in stimulating the development of new drugs. Therefore, aside from experimental methods, computational methods have also been used in our research.
β-Amino-α,β-unsaturated ketones (enaminones) are known [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] to equilibrate with enolimines and ketiminones (Figure 1) [28]. Conformational and configurational isomerization of these compounds in solution is spontaneous [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,29]. The enaminone and enolimine forms can be stabilized by the intramolecular hydrogen bond, both in the solid state and in solutions in nonpolar solvents [15]. Although the N…H–O bond is usually stronger than the N–H…O one, the tautomeric species stabilized by the latter interaction are usually more stable [30,31,32]. Enaminone tautomers are stabilized by the hydrogen bonds, and their open forms are favored in non-polar and polar solvents [14]. Although liability of the species was found to be governed mainly by the changes in aromaticity of some molecular moieties, strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond also contributes [33]. Benzoannulation is another factor that affects the stability of enaminones and their tautomers. Thus, only enolimine and ketiminone forms were detected when R1/R2 = benzo (Figure 1) [11]. Furthermore, benzoannulation of the pyridine ring in the molecules of these compounds at the 3,4- and/or 5,6-positions stabilizes the enaminone tautomer (enaminone) [12,13]. Numerous 3,4-benzoannulated enaminones are in equilibrium with the usually less stable [34,35] enolimine derivatives, i.e., N-salicylideneamines (enolimine, Figure 1, R1 = Ar, R2 = H, R3/R4 = benzo) [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]. Polar solvents, low temperatures, and benzoannulation, both at positions 2,3 and 4,5, favor the enaminone form [40,47,48,49,50]. Both experimental and ab initio calculations show that, in solution, N-salicylideneanilines (enolimines) are more stable than 2-[(phenylamino)methylene]cyclohexa-3,5-dien-1-ones (enaminones) [51]. The enaminone tautomer is the only form present in the crystalline state of N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylidene)aniline [40] and the major form detected in solutions of N-(10-hydroxy-9-phenanthrylmethylidene)aniline [35]. Stabilization of enaminone in the crystalline state, results primarily from the intermolecular hydrogen bonding [52]. Changes in population of the enaminone and enolimine tautomers affect the thermochromic properties of numerous salicylideneanilines in their crystalline state, and in solution [30,34,52].
Unstable 2-(diacylmethyl)pyridines (ketimine, Figure 1, R1/R2 = benzo, R3 = acyl) should be considered as the acyl substituted 3-aminoacroleines [53]. Multinuclear NMR spectra show that only 3-(pyridin-2(1H)-ylidene)alkane-2,4-diones (enaminone, Figure 1, R1/R2 = benzo, R3 = acyl) are present in chloroform solution (3-(pyridin-2-yl)alkane-2,4-diones and 3-hydroxy-2-(pyridin-2-yl)alk-2-enones were not detected) [53]. X-Ray data show that 2-(2(1H)-pyridinyliden)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione, i.e., enaminone tautomer of 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-2H-indene-1,3-dione, was also the only form present in crystal. B3LYP/6-311g(2d,p) calculations show that the isolated molecule of this tautomer is generally more stable than that of the ketimine and enolimine forms [53].
Tautomeric preferences of 2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione were studied for the first time almost sixty years ago [54]. These compounds reveal interesting biological properties [55]. Owing to the presence of the nitrogen atom and two carbonyl groups in their molecules, N-(2,2-diacylvinyl)anilines are simply related to 1,2-dihydro-2,2-diacylmethylenequinolines, the enaminone tautomers of 2-(diacylmethyl)quinolines [53] (Figure 2). 2-(Anilinemethylidene)-cyclohexane-1,3-dione (Ea in Figure 3) is the only form present in solution (no 2-[(phenylimino)methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione (K) or non 3-hydoxy-2-((E)-(phenylimino)methyl)-cyclohex-2-enone (O) were detected) [56].
The substituent and naphthoannulation [57,58,59] are expected to affect the tautomeric preferences of these compounds [11,12,13]. Thus, 1H and 13C NMR experimental studies and quantum-chemical calculations were undertaken, to discover if some other (than those detected earlier) tautomers are stable enough to be present in solution.

2. Materials and Methods

To make research clearer, easier to follow, and to predict results for similar systems, Chou’s 5-step rule was followed [60]. Therefore, it was necessary to: (1) select or construct a valid benchmark dataset to train and test the predictor; (2) represent the samples with an effective formulation that truly reflects their intrinsic correlation with the target to be predicted; (3) introduce or develop a powerful algorithm to conduct the prediction; (4) properly perform cross-validation tests to objectively evaluate the anticipated prediction accuracy; and (5) establish a user-friendly web-server for the predictor that is accessible to the public. The advantages of this principle are: logic and transparency in action, the possibility for other researchers to repeat research, ease in developing methods and improving shortcomings, and, most importantly, convenience for use by other researchers. Therefore, the role of Chou’s 5-step method in conducting proteome/genome analyses, drug development, and research on bioorganic compounds, is unusual and amazing [61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71].
The graphical approach to the study of organic, biological, and medical systems, provides an intuitive understanding of the methodology and research results to the reader, and allows the reader to draw useful insights. Therefore, the methodology of our research is presented in Figure 4.
According to Figure 4, 2H-phenalene-1,3-dione was obtained from the commercially available 1,8-naphthalic anhydride [72]. 2-(Anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones [73] and 2-(anilinemethylidene)-2H-phenalene-1,3-diones [74] were prepared in a 65–71% yield by the condensation of cyclohexane-1,3-dione and 2H-phenalene-1,3-dione, respectively, with substituted anilines and ethyl orthoformate. The crude reaction products were purified by recrystallization from ethanol (1a–5a) and dimethylformamide (1b–5b). Their pure crystalline forms melt at 130–133 °C; lit. mp. 132 °C [73] (1a), 104–105 °C (2a), 124–126 °C; lit. mp. 120°C [73], 124–125 °C [54] (3a), 154–156 °C; lit. mp. 144 °C [73] (4a), 213–215 °C (5a), 204–206 °C (1b), 222–224 °C (2b), 200–202 °C; lit. mp. 192 °C [75], 204–205 °C [76] (3b), 185–187 °C (4b), and 244–247 °C (5b). Satisfactory analytical data (±0.3% for C, H, and N) were obtained for all new compounds.
NMR spectra were recorded for 0.1–0.2 M solutions in DMSO-d6 at 298 K with a Varian Gemini 200 NMR spectrometer working at 199.98 MHz for 1H, and 50.28 MHz for 13C. Both 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts are referenced to internal TMS (δ = 0.00 ppm).
DFT calculations were performed using the Gaussian 16 software package [77]. An M06-2X [78] functional with def2TZVP [79,80] basis set were used. The Gibbs free energies were calculated for T = 298.15 K and P = 1 Atm. All computations were performed in the gas phase and in DMSO solution (dielectric constant ε = 46.7) using the conductor-like polarizable continuum solvation model (CPCM) [81,82]. NBO (Natural Bond Orbital) analyses were performed at the same level.
Theoretical chemical shifts for all E tautomers were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p), using the standard GIAO (Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital) procedure [83] for M06-2X/def2TZVP geometries (gas phase).
The DFT calculation results are available for download at https://repod.pon.edu.pl/pl/dataset/6dc02730-5c32-416c-bfea-4c2dcefa8268 [84].

3. Results and Discussion

Due to the very long relaxation times of quaternary carbon atoms, the respective signals were not observed in the NMR spectra. Unfortunately, as seen in Table 1, numerous chemical shifts for the compounds studied are lacking. The GIAO calculations come to our aid. The experimental and calculated values of chemical shifts in the NMR spectra correspond well with each other (Table 1).
13C NMR chemical shift of C2 in typical 1,3-diketo systems is equal to 52–68 ppm [53,75,85,86]. A very weak signal in this range can be seen only in the 13C NMR spectra of p-methoxy derivatives, 1Ka (55.58 ppm) and 1Kb (55.53 ppm). Thus, 2-[(phenylimino)methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-diones (K) are practically absent in DMSO solutions 1–5. On the other hand, the separate C3 and C1 signals seen in the spectra of compounds 1a, 2a, 4a and 5a (Table 1) show that the respective E forms are present there [12,53]. The GIAO calculations confirm the experimental results. It can be effectively predicted that 3Ea is also present in the DMSO solution. The values of the chemical shifts of C1 and C3 carbon for this tautomer are in the same range as the other “a” compounds. The carbonyl carbons in 1b also resonate at different magnetic fields (Table 1). Since their signals are shielded, with respect to those seen in the spectra of compounds 1a, 2a, 4a and 5a (Table 1), one may assume that the order of the C1–O1′ and C3–O3′ bonds in 1Eb is lower (longer bonds) than that in the other compounds studied. This implies that 1Eb has an increased zwitterionic character (Z in Figure 5). Unfortunately, the signals of carbonyl carbons are not seen in the spectra of other compounds of this series, but one may assume that the molecules of 2Eb–5Eb are even more zwitterionic. The GIAO analysis confirms this assumption. We can clearly see the shift of C1 and C3 signals in NMR spectra of Eb tautomers, which means they have more zwitterionic character than Ea.
H8 signals in the spectra of compounds 1b–4b are seen at the significantly lower field, than those in the spectra of 1a–4a (Table 1). Thus, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the former compounds are exceptionally strong. Similar effects to the naphthalene moiety on the chemical shift of acidic hydrogen atoms has been observed in some related compounds [53]. As shown by the significantly low chemical shift of H8 (Table 1), the intramolecular hydrogen bond in 5b was exceptionally weak. Lack of the important 13C chemical shifts (Table 1) precludes our ability to draw more detailed conclusions on its molecular structure. However, one may see that the very much differentiated effectiveness of the charge transfer in their molecules results in the significant differences in the zwitterionic character of 3Zb and 5Zb (Figure 6).
Zwitterionic character of the enaminone tautomer can be evaluated, at least in the crystalline state. The X-ray data show that the order of the C7–N8 single bond in 3Ea is higher (≈1.7) than that of the C2=C7 double bond (≈1.5) [55]. Furthermore, the C1–C2 (1.455 Å) and C2–C3 (1.438 Å) bonds are significantly shorter than the standard C(sp2)–C(sp2) single bond (1.48 Å). On the other hand, both C3=O3′ (1.234 Å) and C1=O1′ (1.257 Å) carbonyl bonds are longer than the standard C=O bond (1.20–1.22 Å) [55]. These findings imply that there is an extensive π-electron transfer from N8 to the carbonyl groups, and proves that electron distribution in the molecule of 3Ea reflects that shown in the zwitterionic resonance structure (Z in Figure 5). From this point of view, 2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione is similar to 3-(pyridin-2(1H)-ylidene)cycloalkane-2,4-diones [53]. X-ray measurements show that the benzene ring in the molecule of 3Ea is slightly twisted, with respect to the CArNC moiety (C10C9N8C7 dihedral angle is equal to 16.2°) [55].
Density functional calculations are known to often be very helpful in the evaluation of the relative stability of different tautomers [13,53,87,88,89]. The results presented in Table 2 prove, that independently of substituent and series, the most stable form is always enaminone. Due to its very high value of Gibbs free energy, no one expected ketimine would equilibrate with this tautomer, both in vacuum and in DMSO solution. We can see a slight change in the stability of individual tautomers in vacuum and solution. Relative values of Gibbs free energies show that in DMSO solution, the respective On tautomers are less stable than in vacuum. The opposite is true in the case of Kn tautomers, which are more stable in DMSO than in vacuum (Table 2).
The optimized structure (Table 3) shows that lengths of the C3=O3′ and C1=O1′ bonds in 3Ea are less differentiated than shown by the respective X-ray data [55]. The benzene ring in its molecule is slightly twisted with respect to the C7N8C9 plane (according to the X-ray data, this twisting was also observed in the crystalline state [55]—see comparison of X-ray data with DFT in Figure 7). The extent of this deformation increases for the more electron-donating substituents. It is considerably more significant in “a” compounds than in “b” compounds (Table 3).
Analyzing geometrical parameters of the studied tautomers (Table 3), we can observe that lengths of individual bonds in the vacuum and in DMSO are different. Namely, N8–C7, C2–C3, and C2–C1 are shorter in DMSO than in vacuum; and N8–N9, C7–C2, C3–O3′, and C1–O1′ are longer in DMSO solution. This shows a slight change in the character of these bonds: N8–C7, C2–C3, and C2–C1 in DMSO obtain the characteristics of double bonds; and N8–N9, C7–C2, C3–O3′, and C1–O1′, characteristics of single bonds. This confirms that in DMSO, the studied E tautomers have more zwitterionic character (as shown in Figure 5). Additionally, the studied tautomers are stabilized by the intramolecular hydrogen bond N8–H8···O3′, which is shorter by 0.023–0.027 Å in vacuum.
The second order Fock matrix was carried out to confirm the charge transfer in studied systems in the NBO analysis. The calculated stabilization energies (E(2)) [90] for the selected donor (i) –acceptor (j) interactions corresponding to i→j electron delocalization, are shown in Table 4. They confirm that there is charge transfer in all studied systems. The higher the E(2) value, the more intense the donor–acceptor interaction is.
Based on E(2) values, we can see that in DMSO solution, the charge transfer in E tautomers is more effective (in DMSO solutions, E tautomers are more zwitterionic in character, than in vacuum). It can be also observed that the intensity of electron transfer is highest for compounds with strong electron-donating substituent (-OMe) in the benzene ring (1Ea and 1Eb). The naphthoannulation of diketone moiety has a slight influence on the electron transfer of N8(LP)→C7–C2(π*); E(2) values for the respective Ea and Eb are similar. On the other hand, the delocalization of the electrons C7–C2(π)→C3–O3′(π*) and C7–C2(π)→C1–O1′(π*) is more effective for “b” compounds. In the case of the compound 1Eb in DMSO, a strongly stabilizing (73.06 kJ/mol) charge transfer to carbonyl carbon atom C3 was found.
The calculated NBO charges (Table 5) also confirm that in DMSO solutions all the E forms are more zwitterionic than in vacuum. In general, charge separation in “b” compounds is more effective than in “a” compounds.

4. Conclusions

2-[(phenylimino)methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-diones are practically absent in DMSO solutions. On the other hand, their enaminone tautomers, i.e., 2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones, were detected by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations prove that aside from substituent, the most stable form is always enaminone. Naphthoannulation of the said enaminones results in effective intramolecular charge transfer. Thus, 2-(anilinemethylidene)-2H-phenalene-1,3-diones have a significant zwitterionic character. This effect is most distinct in the molecule of the respective p-nitro derivative. Optimization procedures (M06-2X/def2-TZVP) show that lengths of the bonds in 2-(anilinemethylidene)-cyclohexane-1,3-dione are less differentiated than shown in the X-ray data. Unexpectedly, the optimized geometries of the more and less zwitterionic tautomers are comparable. The NBO studies show that, in general, 2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones are less zwitterionic than their naphtho derivatives.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.G. and R.D.; methodology, R.G. and R.D.; software, R.D.; validation, R.G. and J.M.; formal analysis, R.G.; investigation, R.D. and R.G.; resources, R.G.; data curation, J.M.; writing—original draft preparation, R.G. and R.D.; writing—review and editing, R.G., R.D., and J.M.; visualization, J.M. and R.D.; supervision, R.G.; project administration, R.D.; funding acquisition, J.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

R.D. is very much indebted to CI TASK Gdańsk, for their supply of computer time and programs.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Enaminones and their tautomers.
Figure 1. Enaminones and their tautomers.
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Figure 2. N-(2,2-diacylvinyl)anilines and 1,2-dihydro-2,2-diacylmethylenequinolines.
Figure 2. N-(2,2-diacylvinyl)anilines and 1,2-dihydro-2,2-diacylmethylenequinolines.
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Energies 13 00183 g003
Figure 3. 2-(Anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones, 2-(anilinemethylidene)-2H-phenalene-1,3-diones, and their tautomers (R = OMe (1), Me (2), H (3), Cl (4), NO2 (5)).
Figure 3. 2-(Anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones, 2-(anilinemethylidene)-2H-phenalene-1,3-diones, and their tautomers (R = OMe (1), Me (2), H (3), Cl (4), NO2 (5)).
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Figure 4. Materials used in research and methodology.
Figure 4. Materials used in research and methodology.
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Figure 5. 2-(Arylaminemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione and its zwitterionic form.
Figure 5. 2-(Arylaminemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione and its zwitterionic form.
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Figure 6. Zwitterionic forms of some compounds studied.
Figure 6. Zwitterionic forms of some compounds studied.
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Figure 7. Comparison of geometric parameters (values of interatomic distances [Å]; angles and torsional angles [°]; corresponding black, green, and blue frames, respectively), for DFT (black font) and X-Ray [55] (red font) for 3Ea.
Figure 7. Comparison of geometric parameters (values of interatomic distances [Å]; angles and torsional angles [°]; corresponding black, green, and blue frames, respectively), for DFT (black font) and X-Ray [55] (red font) for 3Ea.
Energies 13 00183 g007
Table 1. Selected 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts (δ) for 1–5 in 0.1–0.2 M solutions in DMSO-d6 at 298 K (regular font) and calculated using GIAO-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method (italics).
Table 1. Selected 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts (δ) for 1–5 in 0.1–0.2 M solutions in DMSO-d6 at 298 K (regular font) and calculated using GIAO-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method (italics).
H8H7C2C7C1C3
1Eaexp.12.97d8.55d109.61151.07191.81196.62
calc.12.358.61113.98151.98195.71202.93
1Ebexp.13.54d8.90d108.86152.74181.44183.9
calc.12.989.10113.44153.69183.23188.12
2Eaexp.12.93d8.61d109.73150.88196.64200.25
calc.12.308.72114.12151.69195.88203.20
2Ebexp.13.50d8.96d109.03152.78nono
calc.12.949.20113.53153.25183.39188.33
3Eaexp.12.76d8.58d109.78150.64nono
calc.12.328.76114.29151.46196.03203.42
3Ebexp.13.49d9.00d109.24153.01nono
calc.12.969.25113.74153.19183.47188.50
4Eaexp.12.60d8.47d109.96150.46195.56199.67
calc.12.308.65114.45151.21196.03203.78
4Ebexp.13.42d8.96dno153.18nono
calc.12.959.13113.88152.81183.45188.73
5Eaexp.12.98d8.47d111.17149.59195.82200.26
calc.12.468.80115.34149.93196.43204.79
5Ebexp.10.80bs8.55bsno150.11nono
calc.13.129.28114.83151.53183.70189.42
d—doublet, bs—broad singlet. no—Signals of some quaternary carbon atoms were not observed in the spectrum of the saturated solution.
Table 2. Calculated (M06-2X/def2-TZVP) relative [kcal/mol] Gibbs free energies for 2-(aniline-methylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones and its tautomers a.
Table 2. Calculated (M06-2X/def2-TZVP) relative [kcal/mol] Gibbs free energies for 2-(aniline-methylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones and its tautomers a.
FormGrelFormGrel
VacuumDMSOVacuumDMSO
1Ea0.00.01Eb0.00.0
1Oa5.56.61Ob4.96.0
1Ka20.018.21Kb22.320.9
2Ea0.00.02Eb0.00.0
2Oa5.97.02Ob5.27.4
2Ka20.518.72Kb21.622.3
3Ea0.0 0.03Eb0.00.0
3Oa5.47.03Ob5.16.1
3Ka19.718.73Kb22.220.8
4Ea0.00.04Eb0.00.0
4Oa5.36.44Ob4.65.6
4Ka19.418.14Kb21.420.1
5Ea0.00.05Eb0.00.0
5Oa5.66.45Ob5.25.7
5Ka19.217.85Kb21.420.1
a Absolute values of Gibbs free energies are available in [84].
Table 3. Optimized (M06-2X/def2-TZVP) bond lengths [Å], and bond and dihedral angles [deg] for selected 2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones in vacuum (regular font) and solution in DMSO (italics).
Table 3. Optimized (M06-2X/def2-TZVP) bond lengths [Å], and bond and dihedral angles [deg] for selected 2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones in vacuum (regular font) and solution in DMSO (italics).
1Ea3Ea5Ea1Eb3Eb5Eb
N8–C71.322
1.317		1.325
1.320		1.333
1.329		1.321
1.315		1.324
1.318		1.332
1.327
N8–C91.409
1.413		1.407
1.411		1.396
1.397		1.409
1.413		1.406
1.411		1.495
1.398
C7–C21.382
1.388		1.379
1.385		1.372
1.377		1.382
1.390		1.379
1.387		1.372
1.379
C2–C31.451
1.449		1.453
1.451		1.458
1.457		1.447
1.444		1.449
1.446		1.454
1.452
C3–O3′1.229
1.234		1.228
1.232		1.226
1.230		1.233
1.237		1.232
1.236		1.231
1.233
C2–C11.470
1.464		1.473
1.466		1.478
1.472		1.465
1.458		1.467
1.461		1.472
1.466
C1–O1′1.215
1.223		1.215
1.222		1.213
1.220		1.219
1.226		1.219
1.226		1.217
1.223
N8–H81.021
1.020		1.021
1.020		1.021
1.020		1.022
1.020		1.021
1.020		1.022
1.021
H8···O3′1.857
1.884		1.861
1.887		1.849
1.873		1.849
1.875		1.852
1.875		1.839
1.862
N8···O3′2.656
2.669		2.659
2.671		2.653
2.665		2.650
2.662		2.652
2.662		2.645
2.656
N8H8O3′132.5
133.3		132.4
131.1		133.0
133.4		132.6
131.4		132.5
131.4		133.2
132.0
C7N8C9C1019.9
22.7		15.5
19.9		−2.3
−6.8		20.5
23.5		16.2
18.7		3.1
9.1
Table 4. Calculated stabilization energies (E(2)) for selected donor (i) –acceptor (j) interactions in the studied tautomers.
Table 4. Calculated stabilization energies (E(2)) for selected donor (i) –acceptor (j) interactions in the studied tautomers.
TautomerDonor (i)TypeAcceptor (j)TypeE(2) [kJ/mol]
VacuumDMSO
1EaN8LPC7–C2π*88.8595.36
C7–C2πC3–O3′π*39.9242.07
C7–C2πC1–O1′π*33.1337.43
3EaN8LPC7–C2π*85.3791.48
C7–C2πC3–O3′π*38.6540.77
C7–C2πC1–O1′π*32.3036.43
5EaN8LPC7–C2π*76.4880.29
C7–C2πC3–O3′π*35.8237.30
C7–C2πC1–O1′π*29.7733.35
1EbN8LPC7–C2π*88.4796.54
C7–C2πC3–O3′π*41.96a
C7–C2πC1–O1′π*35.1640.08
C7–C2πC3LP*a73.06
3EbN8LPC7–C2π*85.0093.05
C7–C2πC3–O3′π*40.6843.63
C7–C2πC1–O1′π*34.3139.03
5EbN8LPC7–C2π*75.8681.63
C7–C2πC3–O3′π*37.6740.11
C7–C2πC1–O1′π*31.6835.90
a—not observed.
Table 5. NBO charges (M06-2X/def2-TZVP) for selected 2-(aniline-methylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones in vacuum (regular font) and solution in DMSO (italics).
Table 5. NBO charges (M06-2X/def2-TZVP) for selected 2-(aniline-methylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones in vacuum (regular font) and solution in DMSO (italics).
N8O3′O1′
1Ea−0.514
−0.500		−0.628
−0.660		−0.463
−0.640
3Ea−0.520
−0.508		−0.623
−0.655		−0.583
−0.636
5Ea−0.528
−0.517		−0.613
−0.642		−0.572
−0.623
1Eb−0.510
−0.493		−0.635
−0.660		−0.591
−0.638
3Eb−0.516
−0.501		−0.630
−0.656		−0.587
−0.634
5Eb−0.525
−0.511		−0.622
−0.644		−0.578
−0.623

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Dobosz, R.; Mućko, J.; Gawinecki, R. Using Chou’s 5-Step Rule to Evaluate the Stability of Tautomers: Susceptibility of 2-[(Phenylimino)-methyl]-cyclohexane-1,3-diones to Tautomerization Based on the Calculated Gibbs Free Energies. Energies 2020, 13, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010183

AMA Style

Dobosz R, Mućko J, Gawinecki R. Using Chou’s 5-Step Rule to Evaluate the Stability of Tautomers: Susceptibility of 2-[(Phenylimino)-methyl]-cyclohexane-1,3-diones to Tautomerization Based on the Calculated Gibbs Free Energies. Energies. 2020; 13(1):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010183

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dobosz, Robert, Jan Mućko, and Ryszard Gawinecki. 2020. "Using Chou’s 5-Step Rule to Evaluate the Stability of Tautomers: Susceptibility of 2-[(Phenylimino)-methyl]-cyclohexane-1,3-diones to Tautomerization Based on the Calculated Gibbs Free Energies" Energies 13, no. 1: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010183

APA Style

Dobosz, R., Mućko, J., & Gawinecki, R. (2020). Using Chou’s 5-Step Rule to Evaluate the Stability of Tautomers: Susceptibility of 2-[(Phenylimino)-methyl]-cyclohexane-1,3-diones to Tautomerization Based on the Calculated Gibbs Free Energies. Energies, 13(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010183

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