Modeling and Integrating PV Stations into IEC 61850 XMPP Intelligent Edge Computing Gateway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modeling PV Station to IEC 61850 Information Model
2.1. Importance of PV Modeling in DER Management
2.2. IEC 61850 Standardized Communication for Distributed Energy Resources
- Interconnection management between the DER unit and the power systems to which they are connected, such as local power systems, protection devices, and circuit breakers.
- Controlling and monitoring of the DER.
2.3. IEC 61850-7-420 Model for Photovoltaic Systems
- Switchgear operation functions to disconnect devices and monitor and control breakers. Logical nodes are already defined in IEC 61850-7-4, XCBR, CSWI, XSWI, etc.
- Protection functions to protect personnel and electrical equipment in the case of a malfunction. Logical nodes are also included in IEC 61850-7-4, PTOC, PHIZ, PTTR, PTOV, etc.
- Metering and measuring functions to acquire electrical measurements. AC (Alternating Current) measurements are included in the logical node MMXU while DC (Direct Current) measurements are included in the logical node MMDC. Logical nodes are defined in IEC 61850-7-4.
- DC to AC conversion functions to control and monitor inverters. Logical nodes are included in the specific IEC 61850-7-420 standard ZRCT, ZINV.
- Array operation functions to maximize the array power output. It includes adjustments of voltage and current levels to acquire the cell’s maximum power point and the operation of a tracking system to follow the movement of the sun. Logical nodes are included in the specific IEC 61850-7-420 standard DPVC, DTRC.
- Islanding functions to synchronize operations between the PV systems and the power systems. Logical nodes are covered in the specific IEC 61850-7-420 standard DOPR, DRCT, and RSYN is covered in IEC 61850-7-4.
- Energy storage functions to store excess energy produced by the system. Batteries for energy storage are included in the IEC 61850-7-420 standard with ZBAT, ZBTC.
- Meteorological monitoring functions to acquire meteorological measurements like ambient temperature and solar irradiation. These are covered in MMET and STMP in IEC 61850-7-420 [21].
2.4. IEC 61850-8-2 for Distributed Energy Resources
2.4.1. IEC 61850 Adapted to Smart Grid Communication
2.4.2. IEC 61850-8-2: XMPP and IEC 61850 Encapsulation
- <iq> (dedicated for request/response exchange—solicited service)
- <message> (dedicated for push-exchange –unsolicited communication)
- <presence> (dedicated for presence announcement)
2.4.3. XMPP Enforced Security with TLS and Peer Authentication
3. Photovoltaic Model for Performance Evaluation
3.1. Communication System Architecture
3.2. IED Capability Description Files for PV Model
3.3. Performance Evaluation
Latency Calculation Method for Sequence of Event Protocol
4. Implementation, Evaluation and Test Results
4.1. Test Environment
4.1.1. IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP Report Latency Calculation
4.1.2. IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP Command Latency Calculation
4.2. Implementation
4.2.1. List of XMPP Servers Used for Evaluation
- Server 1, located in Kaohsiung, XMPP server: OpenFire, Taiwan (Distance to server: 0 km);
- Server 2, located in Kaohsiung, XMPP server: OpenFire, Taiwan (Distance 20 km);
- Server 3, located in Kaohsiung, XMPP server: ejabberd, Taiwan (Distance 20 km);
- Server 4, located in Taipei, XMPP server: ejabberd, Taiwan (Distance to server: 370 km);
- Server 5, located in Bangkok, XMPP server: OpenFire, Thailand (Distance to server 2310 km).
4.2.2. Software
4.2.3. IEC 61850-8-2/XMPP Communication Drivers
4.2.4. Graphic User Interface
4.2.5. IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP Latency Report Test Calculation
4.2.6. IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP Latency Command Calculation
4.3. Results
4.3.1. IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP Latency Report Wired over Wide Area Network
4.3.2. IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP Latency Report with 4G/LTE over Wide Area Network
4.3.3. IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP Latency Command Test over a Wired Wide Area Network
4.3.4. IEC 61850-8-2 XMPP Performance Test Based on Number of Tags
4.4. Results Compared with Standards
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Logical Node | Name | Logical Node | Name |
---|---|---|---|
XCBR | Circuit breaker | CSWI | Switch controller |
XSWI | Circuit switch | PTOC | Time overcurrent |
PHIZ | Ground detector | PTTR | Thermal overload |
PTOV | Overvoltage | MMDC | DC (Direct Current) measurement |
MMXU | Measurement | MMTR | Metering |
ZRCT | Rectifier | ZINV | Inverter |
DPVC | Photovoltaic array controller | DVPM | Photovoltaic module characteristics |
DTRC | Tracking controller | DPVA | Photovoltaic array characteristics |
DRCT | DER controller characteristics | STMP | Temperature measurements |
RSYN | Synchronism-check | DRCS | DER controller status |
DRCC | DER unit control actions | FSEQ | Sequencer |
ZBAT | Battery systems | ZBTC | Battery charger |
MMET | Meteorological conditions | MHET | Heat measured values Name |
Features\Protocols | XMPP | MQTT | AMQP | OPC UA | YAMI4 | ZeroMQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyber security | Very high | Medium | Medium | Very high | Very high | Medium |
Scalability | Very high | High | High | Very high | Very low | High |
Commercially driven | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Message types supported | P-S, P-P | P-S, P-P | P-S, P-P | P-S, P-P | P-S, P-P | P-S, P-P |
Development effort | High | Low | Low | High | Very low | Low |
Recommended by standards | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
P–S: publish–subscribe message, P–P: push–pull message | ||||||
XMPP: extensible messaging and presence protocol | ||||||
MQTT: message queuing telemetry transport | ||||||
AMQP: advanced message queuing protocol | ||||||
OPC UA: OPC unified architecture | ||||||
YAMI4: messaging solution for distributed systems | ||||||
ZeroMQ: high-performance asynchronous messaging library |
Logical Device “Inverter” | ||
Logical Device “Battery” | ||
Logical Device “PVArray” | ||
Logical Device “WeatherStation” |
IEC 61850 Server | IEC 61850 Client | Internal Tag | Results (Sec) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Timestamp | Value | Timestamp | Value | Timestamp | Latency | |
#1 | 50275 | 15:59:54.171 | 50275 | 15:59:54.171 | 50275 | 15:59:55.097 | 0.873 |
#2 | 14366 | 15:59:54.171 | 14366 | 15:59:54.171 | 14366 | 15:59.55.097 | 0.866 |
#3 | 25607 | 15:59:54.171 | 25607 | 15:59:54.171 | 25607 | 15:59:55.098 | 0.870 |
#4 | 12381 | 15:59:54.171 | 12381 | 15:59:54.171 | 12381 | 15:59:55.098 | 0.858 |
#5 | 11101 | 15:59:54.171 | 11101 | 15:59:54.171 | 11101 | 15:59:55.098 | 0.858 |
#6 | 3796 | 15:59:56.231 | 3796 | 15:59:56.231 | 3796 | 15:59:57.014 | 0.863 |
#7 | 13200 | 16:00:01.211 | 13200 | 16:00:01.211 | 13200 | 16:00:02.464 | 0.866 |
#8 | 56938 | 15:59:56.231 | 56938 | 15:59:56.231 | 56938 | 15:59:57.014 | 0.860 |
#9 | 7553 | 15:59:54.171 | 7553 | 15:59:54.171 | 7553 | 15:59:55.099 | 0.853 |
#10 | 53648 | 15:59:54.171 | 53648 | 15:59:54.171 | 53648 | 15:59:55.099 | 0.853 |
WAN Latency Class | IEC 61850-5 Latency Class | Latency | Use |
---|---|---|---|
TL 1000 | TT1 | ≤1000 ms | All other messages |
TL 300 | (TT2) | ≤300 ms | Operator commands |
TL 100 | TT3 | ≤100 ms | Slow automatic interactions |
TL 30 | (TT4) | ≤30 ms | Fast automatic interactions |
TL 10 | TT5 | ≤10 ms | Teleprotection |
TL 3 | TT6 | ≤3 ms | Differential protection |
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Liu, C.-H.; Gu, J.-C. Modeling and Integrating PV Stations into IEC 61850 XMPP Intelligent Edge Computing Gateway. Energies 2019, 12, 1442. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081442
Liu C-H, Gu J-C. Modeling and Integrating PV Stations into IEC 61850 XMPP Intelligent Edge Computing Gateway. Energies. 2019; 12(8):1442. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081442
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Chun-Hung, and Jyh-Cherng Gu. 2019. "Modeling and Integrating PV Stations into IEC 61850 XMPP Intelligent Edge Computing Gateway" Energies 12, no. 8: 1442. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081442