Effect of Salts on Interfacial Tension and CO2 Mass Transfer in Carbonated Water Injection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental and Numerical Study
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Setup and Procedure
2.3. IFT Measurement
2.4. Diffusion Coefficient Measurement
2.4.1. Mathematical Model
3.4.2. Numerical Model
2.4.3. Dynamic Interface (Boundary) Method
3. Results and Conclusions
3.1. Swelling and Diffusion Coefficient
3.2. IFT
3.3. IFT and Concentration of Transferred CO2 into n-Decane
3.4. Interfacial Adsorption Isotherm (Surface Excess)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Type of Aqueous Systems | Experimental Conditions | Observations |
---|---|---|---|
Reduction in IFT | |||
Gomari and Hamouda [9] | n-decane/brine with MgCl2 and Na2SO4 | 82.4 to 158 °C, atmospheric pressure | IFT reduction in the presence of MgCl2 and Na2SO4 compared to distilled water |
Serrano-Saldaña, et al. [16] | n-dodecane/brine with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and NaCl | 25 °C, atmospheric pressure | The presence and rising surfactant concentration leads to a reduction in the IFT |
Hosseini, et al. [20] | Crude oil/brine with Na+, K+, Cl, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions | 25 °C, atmospheric pressure | The presence of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) decreases the oil/brine IFT. At a given concentration Mg2+ shows a lower oil/brine IFT than Ca2+ |
Increment in IFT | |||
Ikeda, et al. [17] | n-hexane/water with NaCl | 25 °C, 0 to 100 Mpa | Increment in IFT due to the presence of NaCl in water |
Cai, et al. [13] | normal alkane + water/brine with NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 | 25 to 80 °C,1 to 300 bar | Increase in IFT due to the presence of salt. Weakly dependent on pressure and salt species |
Badakshan and Bakes [21] | Toluene, n-hexane and cyclohexane/brine with NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4 | 20 °C to 75 °C, atmospheric pressure | For all the salts an increment in IFT was observed |
Salt-dependent IFT variation | |||
Lashkarbolooki, et al. [19] | Crude oil/brine with NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, CaCl2, and MgCl2 | Ambient temperature and pressure | Reduction in IFT at high salinity conditions especially for MgCl2. The increment in IFT for monovalent salts such as NaCl and KCl is used |
Aveyard and Saleem [18] | n-dodecane-decane/brine with LiCl, NaCl, KCl, KBr, NaBr, KI, and Na2SO4 | 20 °C, atmospheric pressure | Reduction in IFT in the presence of KI. An increment in IFT for rest of the salts |
IFT of carbonated brine/hydrocarbon system | |||
Manshad, et al. [15] | Crude oil/carbonated water with NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, and Na2SO4 | 75 °C, pressure up to 137 bar | Presence of salt reduces the IFT and is a function of the type of salt |
Nowrouzi, et al. [7] | Crude oil/ carbonated brine with NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, MgSO4, K2SO4, and Na2SO4 | 75 °C, up to 140 bar | Salts are able to reduce the IFT. Addition of CO2 further enhances the reduction in IFT. Minimum IFT was obtained for MgCl2+K2SO4 combination |
Isdahl [21] | n-decane/ carbonated synthetic sea water with silica nanofluid | 25 °C and 45 °C, 10 to 90 bar | Marginal reduction in IFT for the combination of salt and CO2 in water |
Brine | Composition (g/L) | Purpose | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NaCl | MgCl2 *6H2O | Na2SO4 | CaCl2 *2H2O | KCl | NaHCO3 | ||
SSW | 23.38 | 9.05 | 3.41 | 1.91 | 0.75 | 0.17 | Combination of salts on CO2 mass transfer and IFT |
SSW-MgCl2 | 23.38 | 0 | 3.41 | 1.91 | 0.75 | 0.17 | Combination of salts in the absence of Magnesium on IFT and CO2 mass transfer |
SSW-Na2SO4 | 23.38 | 9.05 | 0 | 1.91 | 0.75 | 0.17 | Combination of salts in the absence of Sulfate on IFT and CO2 mass transfer |
DIW+MgCl2 | 0 | 9.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Magnesium on CO2 mass transfer and IFT |
DIW+NaSO4 | 0 | 0 | 3.41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Sulfate on CO2 mass transfer and IFT |
Pressure (bar) | IFT (mN/m) | |||||
CW | CSSW | CSSW-MgCl2 | CSSW-Na2SO4 | CW+MgCl2 | CW+Na2SO4 | |
1 | 50.13 | 43.18 | 51.19 | 31.09 | 31.82 | 52.58 |
50 | 56.45 | 54.35 | 57.31 | 35.26 | 32.28 | 57.95 |
70 | 63.90 | 63.80 | 67.50 | 47.85 | 40.5 | 62.75 |
80 | 62.67 | 60.49 | 58.14 | 50.85 | 51.97 | 60.18 |
100 | 52.43 | 50.46 | 49.56 | 46.56 | 30.26 | 49.73 |
Pressure (bar) | pH | |||||
CW | CSSW | CSSW-MgCl2 | CSSW-Na2SO4 | CW+MgCl2 | CW+Na2SO4 | |
1 | 7.00 | 6.97 | 7.02 | 6.61 | 6.57 | 7.13 |
50 | 3.24 | 3.27 | 3.25 | 3.15 | 3.19 | 3.37 |
70 | 3.2 | 3.22 | 3.21 | 3.1 | 3.14 | 3.33 |
80 | 3.18 | 3.21 | 3.19 | 3.09 | 3.13 | 3.31 |
100 | 3.17 | 3.19 | 3.18 | 3.07 | 3.11 | 3.30 |
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Hamouda, A.A.; Bagalkot, N. Effect of Salts on Interfacial Tension and CO2 Mass Transfer in Carbonated Water Injection. Energies 2019, 12, 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040748
Hamouda AA, Bagalkot N. Effect of Salts on Interfacial Tension and CO2 Mass Transfer in Carbonated Water Injection. Energies. 2019; 12(4):748. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040748
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamouda, Aly A, and Nikhil Bagalkot. 2019. "Effect of Salts on Interfacial Tension and CO2 Mass Transfer in Carbonated Water Injection" Energies 12, no. 4: 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040748