An Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Considering Anisotropy and Using Freshwater and Supercritical CO2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Experimental Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Anisotropic Characteristics of the Shale
3.2. Experimental Monitoring of Hydraulic Fracturing
3.3. Fracture Propagation of Hydraulic Fracturing
- Curved fractures: these cracks are slightly curved and deviated from the loading direction.
- Layer-activated fractures: these are straight or slightly straight fractures that propagated along the bedding plane and the rock matrix.
- Central-linear fractures: fractures that propagated along the loading direction.
3.4. Assessment of the the Fracture Surface
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bedding Orientation | Average P Wave Velocity (m/s) | Average S Wave Velocity (m/s) | Uniaxial Compressive Strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 4049 ± 46.6 | 2752 ± 242.3 | 108.06 ± 1.74 | 7.07 ± 0.99 |
15° | 3717 ± 290.8 | 2595 ± 39.4 | 110.85 ± 2.30 | 6.67 ± 1.01 |
30° | 3897 ± 337.6 | 2652 ± 57.1 | 111.85 ± 1.95 | 5.63 ± 1.06 |
45° | 4164 ± 36.8 | 2731 ± 78.9 | 97.06 ± 1.81 | 4.35 ± 0.98 |
60° | 3441 ± 158.0 | 2608 ± 284.6 | 52.29 ± 1.68 | 3.49 ± 0.66 |
75° | 3895 ± 404.3 | 2697 ± 276.0 | 91.78 ± 1.43 | 2.91 ± 0.43 |
90° | 4171 ± 316.4 | 2767 ± 102.9 | 90.37 ± 1.18 | 3.09 ± 0.37 |
Bedding Orientation | Fractured Using Freshwater | Fractured Using SCO2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Photograph | Sketch | Photograph | Sketch | |
0° | ||||
15° | ||||
30° | ||||
45° | ||||
60° | ||||
75° | ||||
90° |
Bedding Orientation | Fractured Using Freshwater | Fractured Using SCO2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Real Area | Tortuosity | Real Area | Tortuosity | |
30° | 5428.50 | 1.09 | 6229.2 | 1.25 |
90° | 5176.44 | 1.04 | 5608.72 | 1.12 |
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He, J.; Afolagboye, L.O.; Lin, C.; Wan, X. An Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Considering Anisotropy and Using Freshwater and Supercritical CO2. Energies 2018, 11, 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030557
He J, Afolagboye LO, Lin C, Wan X. An Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Considering Anisotropy and Using Freshwater and Supercritical CO2. Energies. 2018; 11(3):557. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030557
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Jianming, Lekan Olatayo Afolagboye, Chong Lin, and Xiaole Wan. 2018. "An Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Considering Anisotropy and Using Freshwater and Supercritical CO2" Energies 11, no. 3: 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030557