Transactive-Market-Based Operation of Distributed Electrical Energy Storage with Grid Constraints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mathematical Formulation
Subject to power flow, load and DG units, line flow, and EES unit constraints
3. Simulation Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations and Nomenclature
Abbreviations: | |
EES | Electrical Energy Storage |
DG | Distributed Generation |
LMP | Locational Marginal Price |
DLMP | Distribution LMP |
MCP | Market Clearing Price |
DER | Distributed Energy Resource |
RES | Renewable Energy Resource |
LA | Load Aggregator |
Functions: | |
Operation cost function | |
Sets: | |
Set of timeslots | |
Set of buses | |
Set of line segments | |
Set of load blocks | |
Set of generation blocks | |
Set of buses with DG units | |
Set of buses with EES units | |
Set of buses with LA units | |
Indices: | |
i | Index of distribution bus |
ij | Distribution line index connecting i to j |
q | Generation block index |
r | Load block index |
Variables: | |
Real power output at block q of dispatchable unit at bus i at time t | |
Real power demand at block r of load at bus i at time t | |
Net real/reactive output of dispatchable generator unit at bus i at time t | |
Real/reactive power demand of load at bus i at time t | |
Net real/reactive power output of EES unit at bus i at time t | |
Extraction (∧)/Injection (∨) of EES unit at bus i at time t | |
Forecasted real/reactive generation of renewable unit at bus i at time t | |
Net real/reactive power injection at bus i at t | |
Real/reactive power flow in line ij at time t | |
Per unit voltage of bus i at time t | |
State of charge of EES at bus i at time t | |
Binary and Integer Variables: | |
EES unit charging state (1 for charging, 0 for not charging) at time t | |
EES unit discharging state (1 for discharging, 0 for not discharging) at time t | |
EES unit charging indicator (Unity ‘1’ only where it starts charging) at time t | |
EES unit not charging indicator (Unity ‘1’ only where it stops charging) at time t | |
EES unit discharging indicator (Unity ‘1’ only where it starts discharging) at time t | |
EES unit not discharging indicator (Unity ‘1’ only where it stops discharging) at time t | |
EES unit charging counter (counts the number of times is ON) at time t | |
EES unit discharging counter (counts the number of times is ON) at time t | |
Parameters: | |
Substation voltage at time t | |
Scheduling horizon | |
MVA limit of line ij | |
Resistance of line ij | |
Reactance of line ij | |
Minimum energy withdraw rate of EES unit | |
Maximum energy withdraw rate of EES unit | |
Minimum state of charge of EES unit | |
Maximum state of charge of EES unit | |
Self-discharge coefficient of EES unit | |
Discharge efficiency coefficient of EES unit | |
Charge efficiency coefficient of EES unit | |
Minimum number of consecutive discharging hours of EES unit at bus i | |
Minimum number of consecutive charging hours of EES unit at bus i | |
Maximum generation in each block q of DG unit i | |
Maximum real power output of a DG unit at bus i | |
Minimum real power output of a DG unit at bus i | |
Maximum load in each block r of load at bus i | |
Maximum demand of load at bus i | |
Minimum demand of load at bus i | |
Fraction of real power of load as reactive power | |
Fraction of real power of DG as reactive power | |
Bidding price for charging of EES unit at bus i at time t | |
Bidding price for discharging of EES unit at bus i at time t | |
Selling bid at block q of DG unit at bus i at time t | |
Buying bid in block r of load at bus i at time t |
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Bus | Unit | (Min, Max SOC) (MWh) | (Min, Max Power Rate) (MW) | (Min Charge, Discharge Time) (h) | (Injection, ExRaction Cost ($/MWh) | Initial SOC (MWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | EES3 | (0.05,0.5) | (0.02,0.05) | (3,3) | (20,25) | 0.1 |
7 | EES7 | (0.05,0.4) | (0.02,0.05) | (3,3) | (20,25) | 0.25 |
Bus No, Unit | DG Bids | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 | Block 2 | Block 3 | ||||
Bid ($/MWh) | Max Supply (MW) | Bid ($/MWh) | Max Supply (MW)) | Bid ($/MWh) | Max Supply (MW) | |
1, DG1 | 39.80 | 10 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
7, DG7 | 30.60 | 1.8 | 32.40 | 0.5 | 35.82 | 0.5 |
13, DG13 | 33.75 | 0.8 | 36.72 | 0.4 | 39.15 | 0.3 |
Bus No, Unit | LA Bid | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 | Block 2 | Block 3 | ||||
Bid ($/MWh) | Demand (MW) | Bid ($/MWh) | Demand (MW) | Bid ($/MWh) | Demand (MW) | |
3, LA3 | N/A | 0.28 | 28.05 | 0.08 | 23.68 | 0.10 |
4, LA4 | N/A | 0.38 | 29.29 | 0.09 | 23.75 | 0.17 |
6, LA6 | N/A | 0.11 | 25.25 | 0.22 | 20.87 | 0.16 |
7, LA7 | N/A | 0.64 | 30.38 | 0.41 | 25.79 | 0.48 |
9, LA9 | N/A | 0.28 | 27.91 | 0.14 | 21.05 | 0.17 |
10, LA10 | N/A | 0.11 | 27.66 | 0.21 | 22.40 | 0.18 |
11, LA11 | N/A | 0.11 | 28.79 | 0.22 | 23.77 | 0.28 |
12, LA12 | N/A | 0.46 | 30.73 | 0.30 | 25.93 | 0.19 |
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Share and Cite
Faqiry, M.N.; Edmonds, L.; Zhang, H.; Khodaei, A.; Wu, H. Transactive-Market-Based Operation of Distributed Electrical Energy Storage with Grid Constraints. Energies 2017, 10, 1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111891
Faqiry MN, Edmonds L, Zhang H, Khodaei A, Wu H. Transactive-Market-Based Operation of Distributed Electrical Energy Storage with Grid Constraints. Energies. 2017; 10(11):1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111891
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaqiry, M. Nazif, Lawryn Edmonds, Haifeng Zhang, Amin Khodaei, and Hongyu Wu. 2017. "Transactive-Market-Based Operation of Distributed Electrical Energy Storage with Grid Constraints" Energies 10, no. 11: 1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111891