Changes in Elements and Relationships among Elements in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.2. Study Group
2.3. Control Group
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining of IVD Obtained from the Control Group
2.4. Determination of the Content of Elements in Intervertebral Discs of the Lumbosacral Spine
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. H&E Staining for Healthy Interverbal Disc
3.2. Concentration of Selected Elements in Degenerated and Healthy Intervertebral Discs
3.3. Concentrations of Selected Elements in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs, Depending on Pain Intensity
3.4. Concentrations of Selected Elements in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs, Depending on the Degree of Degeneration, According to the Pfirrmann Scale
3.5. Correlation between the Concentrations of Individual Microelements in Healthy and Degenerated Intervertebral Discs
4. Discussion
4.1. Cooper
4.2. Magnesium
4.3. Potassium
4.4. Iron
4.5. Calcium
4.6. Relationship between Concentrations of Microelement in Healthy IVD and IVDD
4.7. Strengths and Limitations
4.8. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
Over 18 years of age | Under 18 years of age |
Lumbosacral spine-isolated interverbal disc degeneration of a prolapse/extrusion char-acter determined through MRI | Degeneration of IVD of the lumbosacral spine of a protrusion or sequestration char-acter determined through MRI |
Discogenic pain and/or symptomatic sciati-ca without improvement after non-surgical treatment for at least 6 weeks | Previous surgical procedures due to degen-eration of IVD of the lumbosacral spine |
No other coexisting pathologies of the spine | Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases |
Disease duration of no longer than 12 weeks | Condition after spine injury |
Dementia/mental disorders | |
Polyneuropathy | |
Pregnancy | |
Coexisting diseases, including metabolic diseases | |
Neoplasms: metastatic tumor in the spine; lymphoma; leukemia; spinal cord tumors; retroperitoneal tumors; primary shaft tumors | |
Inflammatory diseases: inflammation of the bone elements of the spine | |
Osteoporosis | |
Duration of disease exceeding 12 weeks and no shorter than 6 weeks |
Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
Up to 45 years of age | Over 45 years of age |
No signs of degeneration in the collected material in microscopic examination | Features of degeneration in the collected material in microscopic examination |
No information about neoplastic diseases in disease history | In disease history, information about spinal diseases |
Lack of information on inflammatory diseases: inflammation of the bone elements of the spine (osteomyelitis); inflammation of the intervertebral disc; epidural empyema; shingles; arthritis; inflammatory infiltrates of the rectum; Scheuermann’s disease; Paget’s disease | In disease history, information about neoplastic diseases |
Information on inflammatory diseases |
Microelement | Healthy Intervertebral Disc | Degenerated Intervertebral Disc | p-Value (Student’s t-Test) |
---|---|---|---|
Cu (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 5.90 ± 1.51 | 1.74 ± 1.31 | 0.000 |
Fe (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 104.57 ± 16.84 | 141.06 ± 58.22 | 0.069 |
Mn (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.20 ± 0.16 | 0.35 ± 0.52 | 0.407 |
Pb (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.81 ± 0.32 | 1.11 ± 0.76 | 0.243 |
Zn (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 21.76 ± 6.91 | 31.47 ± 18.42 | 0.127 |
Na (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 1.43 ± 0.20 | 1.42 ± 0.46 | 0.932 |
Mg (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.29 | 0.020 |
K (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.30 ± 0.11 | 0.14 ± 0.062 | 0.000 |
P (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.79 ± 1.15 | 0.058 |
Ca (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 1.93 ± 2.74 | 0.000 |
Microelement | Healthy Intervertebral Disc | Degenerated Intervertebral Disc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | p-Value (Student’s t-Test) | Female | Male | p-Value (Student’s t-Test) | |
Cu (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 4.59 ± 1.54 | 6.12 ± 0.86 | 0.29 | 2.22 ± 2.48 | 1.71 ± 1.28 | 0.20 |
Fe (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 92.20 ± 24.32 | 109.45 ± 17.61 | 0.40 | 136.52 ± 56.81 | 141.43 ± 59.02 | 0.44 |
Mn (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.39 ± 0.33 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.41 ± 0.68 | 0.29 ± 0.35 | 0.38 |
Pb (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.92 ± 0.45 | 0.66 ± 0.09 | 0.27 | 1.18 ± 0.89 | 1.10 ± 0.065 | 0.48 |
Zn (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 22.53 ± 8.93 | 14.49 ± 0.98 | 0.40 | 31.86 ± 21.23 | 31.62 ± 16.33 | 0.42 |
Na (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 1.63 ± 0.21 | 1.37 ± 0.18 | 0.29 | 1.50 ± 0.48 | 1.33 ± 0.42 | 0.44 |
Mg (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.031 ± 0.007 | 0.03 ± 0.006 | 0.46 | 0.24 ± 0.32 | 0.26 ± 0.26 | 0.26 |
K (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.33 ± 0.15 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.41 |
P (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.92 ± 1.51 | 0.72 ± 0.81 | 0.22 |
Ca (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.41 | 2.19 ± 3.65 | 1.82 ± 1.93 | 0.38 |
Microelement | Healthy Intervertebral Disc | Degenerated Intervertebral Disc | p < 0.05 (ANOVA Results) A,B | p < 0.05 (Student’s t-Test) C,D,E | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Weight | Overweight | Obesity | Normal Weight | Overweight | Obesity | |||
Cu (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 4.99 ± 1.52 | 5.01 ± 1.76 | 5.03 ± 0.2.01 | 3.45 ± 1.72 | 4.18 ± 1.28 | 4.09 ± 2.11 | p = 0.789 p = 0.654 | p = 0.067 p = 0.051 p = 0.047 |
Fe (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 91.98 ± 21.22 | 93.412 ± 15.111 | 92.98 ± 15.11 | 126.52 ± 44.12 | 125.43 ± 51.01 | 228.52 ± 41.91 | p = 0.754 p = 0.651 | p = 0.021 p = 0.0004 p < 0.00001 |
Mn (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.29 ± 0.12 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.12 | 0.549 ± 0.54 | 0.50 ± 0.63 | p = 0.678 p = 0.734 | p = 0.071 p = 0.041 p = 0.043 |
Pb (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.91 ± 0.41 | 0.89 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 1.36 ± 0.98 | 1.20 ± 0.065 | 1.34 ± 0.87 | p = 0.632 p = 0.598 | p = 0.034 p = 0.023 p = 0.021 |
Zn (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 21.53 ± 7.52 | 22.01 ± 0.34 | 22.02 ± 0.12 | 31.12 ± 21.13 | 30.82 ± 14.16 | 32.03 ± 19.99 | p = 0.436 p = 0.513 | p = 0.031 p = 0.012 p = 0.011 |
Na (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 1.73 ± 0.12 | 1.72 ± 0.14 | 1.70 ± 0.13 | 1.13 ± 0.39 | 1.10 ± 0.41 | 1.18 ± 0.49 | p = 0.546 p = 0.567 | p = 0.012 p = 0.014 p = 0.039 |
Mg (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.04 ± 0.007 | 0.03 ± 0.007 | 0.04 ± 0.001 | 0.03 ± 0.12 | 0.06 ± 0.31 | 0.03 ± 0.29 | p = 0.671 p = 0.654 | p = 0.459 p = 0.231 p = 0.762 |
K (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.43 ± 0.19 | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | p = 0.681 p = 0.661 | p = 0.042 p = 0.012 p = 0.0512 |
P (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 1.22 | 0.72 ± 0.79 | 0.75 ± 1.44 | p = 0.763 p = 0.719 | p < 0.00001 p < 0.0001 p < 0.00001 |
Ca (mg/kg−1 dry matter) | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 1.12 ± 2.01 | 1.23 ± 2.13 | 1.26 ± 1.82 | p = 0.897 p = 0.759 | p < 0.00001 p < 0.0001 p < 0.00001 |
Microelement (mg/kg−1 Dry Matter) | Cu | Fe | Mn | Pb | Zn | Na | Mg | K | P | Ca | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VAS | p < 0.05 | p = 0.207 | p = 0.960 | p = 0.374 | p = 0.431 | p = 0.154 | p = 0.248 | p = 0.871 | p = 0.678 | p = 0.574 | p = 0.502 |
3 | 3.01 ± 2.53 | 132.00 ± 76.08 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 26.20 ± 10.20 | 1.18 ± 0.74 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.0750 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.08 | |
4 | 2.10 ± 1.50 | 158.45 ± 68.55 | 0.20 ± 0.06 | 0.73 ± 0.26 | 19.73 ± 7,58 | 1.64 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.13 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.15 | 0.58 ± 0.33 | |
5 | 1.48 ± 1.11 | 160.56 ± 70.01 | 0.53 ± 0.53 | 1.75 ± 1.30 | 54.18 ± 34.90 | 1.22 ± 0.35 | 0.25 ± 0.19 | 0.18 ± 0.11 | 1.68 ± 2.42 | 4.15 ± 6.29 | |
6 | 1.22 ± 0.83 | 133.69 ± 55.37 | 0.32 ± 0.39 | 1.06 ± 0.69 | 29.72 ± 16.14 | 1.52 ± 0.36 | 0.31 ± 0.36 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 1.08 ± 1.20 | 2.53 ± 2.61 | |
7 | 2.060 ± 1.21 | 136.53 ± 82.74 | 1.11 ± 1.66 | 1.22 ± 0.53 | 39.15 ± 17.51 | 1.24 ± 0.73 | 0.12 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.97 | 2.54 ± 1.80 | |
8 | 2.31 ± 1.57 | 149.49 ± 63.11 | 0.33 ± 0.37 | 0.98 ± 0.58 | 31.76 ± 12.93 | 1.59 ± 0.47 | 0.33 ± 0.37 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.66 ± 0.70 | 1.64 ± 1.63 | |
9 | 2.67 ± 1.72 | 138.30 ± 59.31 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 1.75 ± 1.28 | 29.03 ± 11.14 | 1.28 ± 0.58 | 0.14 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.4167 ± 0.33 | 0.57 ± 0.09 | |
10 | 0.870000 ± 0.33 | 129.9750 ± 49.05 | 0.150000 ± 0.01 | 0.887500 ± 0.58 | 20.38000 ± 11.73 | 1.18 ± 0.55 | 0.27 ± 0.22 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.440 ± 0.62 | 0.94 ± 1.15 |
Microelement (mg/kg−1 Dry Matter) | Cu | Fe | Mn | Pb | Zn | Na | Mg | K | P | Ca | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pfirrmann Scale | p < 0.05 | p = 0.014 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.461 | p = 0.488 | p = 0.397 | p = 0.633 | p = 0.989 | p = 0.292 | p = 0.380 | p = 0.348 |
2 | 3.71 ± 1.79 | 223.90 ± 21.37 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 1.50 ± 1.26 | 48.71 ± 33.96 | 1.47 ± 0.31 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 1.65 ± 2.52 | 4.29 ± 6.41 | |
3 | 2.31 ± 1.16 | 126.72 ± 52.19 | 0.71 ± 0.99 | 1.30 ± 0.82 | 30.98 ± 7.81 | 1.30 ± 0.64 | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.42 ± 0.39 | 1.04 ± 0.85 | |
4 | 1.56 ± 0.96 | 109.29 ± 58.21 | 0.33 ± 0.37 | 1.06 ± 0.54 | 40.02 ± 16.29 | 1.27 ± 0.47 | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.72 ± 0.92 | 2.08 ± 2.22 | |
5 | 1.12 ± 0.74 | 111.70 ± 44.24 | 0.43 ± 0.48 | 1.88 ± 1.04 | 36.41 ± 14.35 | 0.98 ± 0.38 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0.13 | 1.11 ± 1.27 | 2.93 ± 3.27 |
Microelement | Cu | Fe | Mn | Pb | Zn | Na | Mg | K | P | Ca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 1.00 | 0.48 * | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.18 | −0.31 * | −0.15 | −0.10 | −0.10 |
Fe | 0.48 * | 1.00 | −0.12 | 0.26 | 0.30 * | 0.49 * | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.32 * | 0.30 * |
Mn | 0.16 | −0.12 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.13 | −0.07 | −0.16 | −0.07 | −0.04 |
Pb | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.67 * | −0.24 | −0.27 | 0.15 | 0.52 * | 0.58 * |
Zn | 0.17 | 0.30 * | 0.02 | 0.67 * | 1.00 | −0.26 | −0.15 | 0.38 * | 0.74 * | 0.77 * |
Na | 0.18 | 0.49 * | 0.13 | −0.24 | −0.26 | 1.00 | 0.26 | −0.13 | −0.10 | −0.14 |
Mg | −0.31 * | 0.10 | −0.07 | −0.27 | −0.15 | 0.26 | 1.00 | −0.11 | 0.29 | 0.18 |
K | −0.15 | 0.13 | −0.16 | 0.15 | 0.38 * | −0.13 | −0.11 | 1.00 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
P | −0.10 | 0.32 * | −0.07 | 0.52 * | 0.74 * | −0.10 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 1.00 | 0.98 * |
Ca | −0.10 | 0.30 * | −0.04 | 0.58 * | 0.77 * | −0.14 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.98 * | 1.00 |
Microelement | Cu | Fe | Mn | Pb | Zn | Na | Mg | K | P | Ca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 1.00 | 0.70 * | −0.06 | 0.68 * | 0.03 | −0.12 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.37 | 0.23 |
Fe | 0.70 * | 1.00 | 0.11 | 0.45 | 0.14 | −0.38 | −0.18 | −0.18 | 0.26 | −0.06 |
Mn | −0.06 | 0.11 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.65 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.42 | −0.34 |
Pb | 0.68 * | 0.45 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.38 | −0.02 |
Zn | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 1.00 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.79 * | 0.12 |
Na | −0.12 | −0.38 | 0.65 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 1.00 | 0.90 * | 0.64 | 0.31 | 0.25 |
Mg | 0.16 | −0.18 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.90 * | 1.00 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.41 |
K | 0.22 | −0.18 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 0.74 * | 0.10 |
P | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.79 * | 0.31 | 0.44 | 0.74 * | 1.00 | 0.13 |
Ca | 0.23 | −0.06 | −0.34 | −0.02 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 1.00 |
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Staszkiewicz, R.; Bryś, K.; Gładysz, D.; Gralewski, M.; Garczarek, M.; Gadzieliński, M.; Wieczorek, J.; Marcol, W.; Ostenda, A.; Grabarek, B.O. Changes in Elements and Relationships among Elements in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159042
Staszkiewicz R, Bryś K, Gładysz D, Gralewski M, Garczarek M, Gadzieliński M, Wieczorek J, Marcol W, Ostenda A, Grabarek BO. Changes in Elements and Relationships among Elements in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159042
Chicago/Turabian StyleStaszkiewicz, Rafał, Kamil Bryś, Dorian Gładysz, Marcin Gralewski, Michał Garczarek, Marcin Gadzieliński, Jerzy Wieczorek, Wiesław Marcol, Aleksander Ostenda, and Beniamin Oskar Grabarek. 2022. "Changes in Elements and Relationships among Elements in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159042