Predicting the Risk of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Adult Cancer Survivors

Objectives: Data on how to identify cancer survivors (CSS) at the greatest risk for cardiovascular conditions are limited. We aimed to characterize the clinical factors associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) in CSS and to develop a stratification schema for predicting the risk of cardiovascular comorbidities in CSS. Methods: Cancer survivors and non-cancer controls (NCCS) were identified from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Independent factors associated with increased relative risk (RR) for cardiovascular conditions were determined. A risk stratification schema was devised that correlated risk score with the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in CS. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar for the 1869 CSS and 24,337 NCCS included in the study. Compared with NCCS, CSS were more likely to report IHD (13.7% vs. 5.2%), CHF (7.9% vs. 2.1%), or both (4.2% vs. 1.2%; all p < 0.01). Based on multivariate analyses, risk factors for cardiovascular problems included ages 40–60 years RR: 3.66; 95% CI: 1.87 to 7.17), 60–80 years RR: 14.18; 95% CI: 7.65 to 26.30), and 80 years or older RR: 25.34; 95% CI: 13.16 to 48.78); male sex RR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.72 to 2.94); U.S. citizenship RR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.08 to 4.08); annual incomes of $20,000–$45,000 RR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.21 to 2.70) and less than $20,000 RR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.81 to 5.14); comorbid diabetes mellitus RR: 2.97; 95% CI: 2.05 to 4.32); and physical inactivity RR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.41 to 2.79). Conclusions: Independent risk factors for IHD and CHF in CSS were identified. The risk stratification schema presented here may be helpful in developing a risk-based approach to preventive cardiovascular strategies for CSS.