Short and Long Term Variation in Ultraviolet Radiation and Multiple Sclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Populations
2.2. Solar Data
2.3. Seasonality Analysis
2.4. Solar Cycles Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
Sex | Italians | Danish | White Americans | African Americans |
---|---|---|---|---|
F | 1,897 (69) | 9,856 (62) | 32,456 (64) | 3,630 (67) |
M | 840 (31) | 6,044 (38) | 18,194 (36) | 1,740 (32) |
F:M | 2.26 | 1.63 | 1.78 | 2.09 |
TOTAL | 2,737 | 15,900 | 50,650 | 5,370 |
3.1. Seasonality Analysis
Italy | Denmark | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOB | Obs | Exp | Obs/Exp | Month specific χ2 | p value | Obs | Exp | Obs/Exp | Month specific χ2 | p value |
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||||||||
chisq(11) = 19.95, p =0 .0461 | chisq(11) = 17.19, p =0.1023 | |||||||||
January | 248 | 231 | 1.07[0.94; 1.21] | 1.31 | 0.2531 | 1274 | 1304 | 0.98 [0.92;1.03] | 0.75 | 0.3864 |
February | 204 | 204 | 1.00[0.86; 1.14] | 0 | 0.9907 | 1240 | 1274 | 0.97[0.92;1.03] | 0.99 | 0.3197 |
March | 241 | 219 | 1.10[0.96; 1.24] | 2.49 | 0.1147 | 1523 | 1462 | 1.04[0.99;1.09] | 2.8 | 0.0942 |
April | 238 | 203 | 1.17 [1.02; 1.32] | 6.36 | 0.0117 | 1478 | 1420 | 1.04[0.99;1.09] | 2.6 | 0.1068 |
May | 228 | 234 | 0.97[0.85; 1.1] | 0.17 | 0.684 | 1451 | 1417 | 1.02[0.97;1.08] | 0.9 | 0.3427 |
June | 242 | 221 | 1.10[0.96; 1.23] | 2.2 | 0.1377 | 1384 | 1326 | 1.04[0.99;1.1] | 2.77 | 0.0960 |
July | 220 | 240 | 0.92[0.8; 1.04] | 1.75 | 0.1863 | 1322 | 1339 | 0.99[0.93;1.04] | 0.24 | 0.6242 |
August | 216 | 235 | 0.92[0.79; 1.04] | 1.76 | 0.1845 | 1358 | 1328 | 1.02[0.97;1.08] | 0.74 | 0.3896 |
September | 243 | 251 | 0.97[0.85; 1.09] | 0.26 | 0.6135 | 1263 | 1310 | 0.96[0.91;1.02] | 1.84 | 0.1749 |
October | 219 | 250 | 0.88[0.76; 0.99] | 4.15 | 0.0416 | 1243 | 1267 | 0.98[0.93;1.04] | 0.49 | 0.4839 |
November | 208 | 224 | 0.93[0.80; 1.06] | 1.22 | 0.27 | 1139 | 1208 | 0.94[0.89;1] | 4.27 | 0.0389 |
December | 230 | 226 | 1.02[0.89; 1.15] | 0.08 | 0.77251 | 1225 | 1246 | 0.98[0.93;1.04] | 0.38 | 0.5376 |
White Americans | African Americans | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOB | Obs | Exp | Obs/Exp (95% CI) | Month specific χ2 | p value | Obs | Exp | Obs/Exp (95% CI) | Month specific χ2 | p value |
chisq(11) = 33.16, p < 0.0001 | chisq(11) = 16.30, p = 0.1304 | |||||||||
January | 4178 | 4291 | 0.97[0.94;1] | 3.251 | 0.07137 | 458 | 452 | 1.01[0.92;1.1] | 0.087 | 0.7681 |
February | 3894 | 4034 | 0.97[0.94;1] | 5.279 | 0.021582 | 403 | 431 | 0.94[0.85;1.03] | 1.978 | 0.1596 |
March | 4405 | 4402 | 1[0.97;1.03] | 0.002 | 0.962259 | 460 | 480 | 0.96[0.87;1.05] | 0.915 | 0.33876 |
April | 4033 | 4069 | 0.99[0.96;1.02] | 0.346 | 0.556199 | 423 | 441 | 0.96[0.87;1.05] | 0.8 | 0.37097 |
May | 4152 | 4140 | 1[0.97;1.03] | 0.038 | 0.845688 | 411 | 443 | 0.93[0.84;1.02] | 2.519 | 0.1125 |
June | 4255 | 4027 | 1.06[1.03;1.09] | 14.024 | 0.000181 | 425 | 424 | 1[0.9;1.1] | 0.003 | 0.9596 |
July | 4480 | 4318 | 1.04[1.01;1.07] | 6.644 | 0.009948 | 504 | 453 | 1.11[1.01;1.21] | 6.271 | 0.0123 |
August | 4537 | 4480 | 1.01[0.98;1.04] | 0.796 | 0.372414 | 494 | 481 | 1.03[0.94;1.12] | 0.386 | 0.5345 |
September | 4425 | 4416 | 1[0.97;1.03] | 0.016 | 0.8997 | 463 | 464 | 1[0.91;1.09] | 0.002 | 0.96 |
October | 4175 | 4312 | 0.97[0.94;1] | 4.758 | 0.0291 | 483 | 441 | 1.1[1;1.2] | 4.358 | 0.037 |
November | 4030 | 4016 | 1[0.97;1.03] | 0.053 | 0.8179 | 394 | 407 | 0.97[0.87;1.07] | 0.449 | 0.5027 |
December | 4086 | 4145 | 0.99[0.96;1.02] | 0.915 | 0.33888 | 452 | 454 | 1[0.91;1.09] | 0.01 | 0.92 |
3.2. Solar Cycles Analysis
White Americans | African Americans | Danish | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p ≤ 0.0001 | p = 0.7849 | p = 0.6517 | ||||
RGRP | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) |
MAX | 15,054 | 59.43 (13.26) | 1,591 | 51.68 (13.26) | 1,974 | 60.09 (13.60) |
MIN | 35,596 | 60.07 (13.67) | 3,779 | 51.57 (13.75) | 5,195 | 60.26 (13.76) |
Males | Females | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White Americans | Black Americans | Danish | White Americans | Black Americans | Danish | |||||||
p = 0.0184 | p = 0.9009 | p = 0.9340 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.7991 | p = 0.6025 | |||||||
RGRP | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) |
MAX | 5,440 | 58.82 (12.74) | 521 | 51.45 (13.22) | 889 | 59.25 (13.09) | 9,614 | 59.77 (13.53) | 1,070 | 51.79 (13.28) | 1,085 | 60.78 (13.41) |
MIN | 12,754 | 59.32 (13.35) | 1,219 | 51.36 (13.86) | 2,337 | 59.30 (12.94) | 22,842 | 60.48 (13.83) | 2,560 | 51.67 (13.70) | 2,858 | 61.04 (13.72) |
3.3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
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Menni, C.; Lowell, W.E.; Bentzen, J.; Bergamaschi, R.; Martinelli Boneschi, F.; Martinelli, V.; Bernardinelli, L.; Stenager, E.; Davis, G.E., Jr.; Foco, L. Short and Long Term Variation in Ultraviolet Radiation and Multiple Sclerosis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 685-697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030685
Menni C, Lowell WE, Bentzen J, Bergamaschi R, Martinelli Boneschi F, Martinelli V, Bernardinelli L, Stenager E, Davis GE Jr., Foco L. Short and Long Term Variation in Ultraviolet Radiation and Multiple Sclerosis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(3):685-697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030685
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenni, Cristina, Walter E. Lowell, Joan Bentzen, Roberto Bergamaschi, Filippo Martinelli Boneschi, Vittorio Martinelli, Luisa Bernardinelli, Egon Stenager, George E. Davis, Jr., and Luisa Foco. 2012. "Short and Long Term Variation in Ultraviolet Radiation and Multiple Sclerosis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 3: 685-697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030685
APA StyleMenni, C., Lowell, W. E., Bentzen, J., Bergamaschi, R., Martinelli Boneschi, F., Martinelli, V., Bernardinelli, L., Stenager, E., Davis, G. E., Jr., & Foco, L. (2012). Short and Long Term Variation in Ultraviolet Radiation and Multiple Sclerosis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(3), 685-697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030685