The Influence of Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants on Health and Obesity: A West Virginia Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Methodology
4. Data and Estimation Procedure
5. Results
5.1. Preliminary Observations
5.2. Empirical Estimation
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Variable | Definition | Number | Mean/% | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | |||||
Weight status | |||||
BMI | Body mass index*(kg/m2) | 3236 | 27.42 | 13.76 | 62.78 |
OBESE | Obese a | 896 | 27.69 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Self perceived health status | |||||
OGENHLTH | Ordered health indicator (good=2, fair=1, poor=0) | 3340 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 2.00 |
Poor health | 346 | 10.36 | – | – | |
Fair health | 571 | 17.10 | – | – | |
Good health | 2423 | 72.54 | – | – | |
Covariates | |||||
Demographic categories | |||||
LEDUCA | Level of education (ordered categorical variable)** | 3345 | 3.345 | 0.00 | 5.00 |
Kindergarten or never attended | 6.00 | 0.18 | – | – | |
Elementary school | 232 | 6.94 | – | – | |
Some high school education | 398 | 11.90 | – | – | |
High school graduate | 1321 | 39.49 | – | – | |
Some college education | 741 | 22.15 | – | – | |
College graduate | 647 | 19.34 | – | – | |
Gender | |||||
DSEX | Male = 1 | 1323 | 39.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Ethnicity | |||||
MNONH | Multicultural non Hispanic | 150 | 4.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
WNONH | White Non-Hispanic | 3060 | 91.70 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
BNONH | Black Non-Hispanic | 60 | 1.80 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
HISP | Hispanic | 67 | 2.01 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
AGE | Age* | 3349 | 51.00 | 18.00 | 97.00 |
PINC | Household Income * | 2913 | 30460.01 | 7500.00 | 50000.00 |
Employment Status | |||||
OTHERE | other-employed | 492 | 14.70 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
EMPLOYD | Employed | 2051 | 61.26 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
STUDENT | Student | 94 | 2.81 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
RETD | Retired | 711 | 21.24 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
Variable | Definition | Number | Mean/% | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marital Status | |||||
WIDOW | Widowed | 478 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
MALT | Married or cohabited | 1914 | 57.22 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
DIVSEP | Divorced or separated | 585 | 20.40 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
NMARRI | Never married | 368 | 11.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Other Covariates | |||||
SEDENT | Sedentary | 421 | 12.81 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
SMOKING | Smoking | 874 | 26.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
HCARE | Has health care | 2794 | 83.63 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
RHEART | At risk of having heart problems | 1251 | 37.43 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
RASTHMA | At risk of having asthma | 300 | 8.98 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
RFDRHV | At risk of high alcohol consumption | 89 | 2.68 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
FRTINDX | Fruit and vegetable index ** | 3349 | 2.70 | 1.00 | 4.00 |
DDISTD | Living in Depressed county | 587 | 23.07 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
TRVT | Average travel time (minutes) to work * | 2544 | 25.42 | 19.50 | 36.80 |
Variable | Definition | Estimate | Pr > ChiSq | Marginal effect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONSTANT | −3.4410 | 0.0001 | – | *** | |
LEDUCA | Level of education | −0.1840 | 0.0008 | −0.0344 | *** |
WNONH | White Non-Hispanic | −0.2585 | 0.2597 | −0.0483 | |
BNONH | Black Non-Hispanic | 0.1662 | 0.6806 | 0.0311 | |
HISP | Hispanic | −0.8663 | 0.0609 | −0.1620 | * |
PINC | Household income | 0.0000 | 0.0204 | 0.0000 | ** |
INCSQ | Household income squared | −0.0000 | 0.0081 | 0.0000 | *** |
EMPLOYD | Employed | −0.2611 | 0.1138 | −0.0488 | |
STUDENT | Student | −0.7912 | 0.0898 | −0.1480 | * |
RETD | Retired | −0.2374 | 0.2822 | −0.0444 | |
DSEX | Male | 0.1726 | 0.1104 | 0.0323 | |
MALT | Married or cohabited | 0.0359 | 0.8565 | 0.0067 | |
DIVSEP | Divorced or Separated | −0.2662 | 0.2244 | −0.0498 | |
NMARRI | Never Married | 0.3997 | 0.1137 | 0.0747 | |
AGE | Age | 0.1409 | 0.0001 | 0.0263 | *** |
AGESQ | Age squared | −0.0014 | 0.0001 | −0.0003 | *** |
SEDENT | Sedentary | 0.5201 | 0.0015 | 0.0973 | *** |
SMOKING | Smoking | −0.8086 | 0.0001 | −0.1512 | *** |
HCARE | Has health care | 0.0330 | 0.8279 | 0.0062 | |
RFDRHV | At risk of alcohol consumption | 0.0761 | 0.8211 | 0.0142 | |
FRTVINDX | Fruit and vegetable index | −0.1186 | 0.0655 | −0.0222 | * |
DDISTD | Living in Depressed county | −0.0861 | 0.5035 | −0.0161 | |
TRVT | Average travel time (minutes) to work | 0.0218 | 0.0720 | 0.0041 | * |
Variable | Ordered Logit 1a | Ordered Logit 2a | Ordered Logit 3a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | Pr > ChiSq | Estimate | Pr > ChiSq | Estimate | Pr > ChiSq | |
Constant2 | 2.0358 | 0.0064 ** | 0.2509 | 0.6330 ** | 2.0418 | 0.0063 ** |
Constant1 | 3.6229 | 0.0001 *** | 1.8296 | 0.0005 *** | 3.6285 | 0.0001 *** |
LEDUCA | 0.1775 | 0.0061 *** | 0.2614 | 0.0001 *** | 0.1778 | 0.0061 *** |
WNONH | −0.0782 | 0.7729 | 0.1359 | 0.6029 | −0.0754 | 0.7806 |
BNONH | 0.1278 | 0.7814 | 0.1192 | 0.7938 | 0.1343 | 0.7708 |
HISP | −0.4051 | 0.4088 | 0.1209 | 0.7949 | −0.4036 | 0.4110 |
PINC | 0.0000 | 0.0001 *** | 0.0000 | 0.0001 *** | 0.0000 | 0.0001 *** |
EMPLOYD | 1.4592 | 0.0001 *** | 1.6625 | 0.0001 *** | 1.4604 | 0.0001 *** |
STUDENT | 0.7726 | 0.1646 | 1.4885 | 0.0036 * | 0.7691 | 0.1662 * |
RETD | 1.2294 | 0.0001 *** | 1.5306 | 0.0001 *** | 1.2285 | 0.0001 *** |
DSEX | −0.0235 | 0.8571 | −0.1047 | 0.4139 | −0.0254 | 0.8460 |
MALT | −0.2083 | 0.2800 | −0.3849 | 0.0412 | −0.2143 | 0.2672 |
DIVSEP | −0.1369 | 0.5059 | −0.1642 | 0.4282 | −0.1404 | 0.4956 |
NMARRI | −0.0340 | 0.9048 | −0.2828 | 0.3032 | −0.0377 | 0.8947 |
AGE | −0.0298 | 0.0001 *** | −0.0248 | 0.0001 *** | −0.0301 | 0.0001 *** |
PREDOBE | −2.8283 | 0.0003 *** | – | – | – | – |
SEDENT | −0.5902 | 0.0008 *** | −0.8498 | 0.0001 *** | −0.5912 | 0.0008 *** |
SMOKING | −0.8068 | 0.0001 *** | −0.4179 | 0.0021 *** | −0.8088 | 0.0001 *** |
HCARE | −0.2290 | 0.1790 | −0.2537 | 0.1363 | −0.2291 | 0.1790 |
RHEART | −0.7851 | 0.0001 *** | −0.7779 | 0.0001 *** | −0.7610 | 0.0001 *** |
RASTHMA | −0.8266 | 0.0001 *** | −0.8285 | 0.0001 *** | −0.8167 | 0.0001 *** |
RFDRHV | 0.0153 | 0.9695 | 0.0116 | 0.9769 | 0.0169 | 0.9663 |
FRTINDX | 0.0563 | 0.4631 | 0.1298 | 0.0778 | 0.0576 | 0.4526 |
DDISTD | −0.4826 | 0.0002 *** | −0.4907 | 0.0001 *** | −0.4835 | 0.0001 *** |
OBESE | – | – | −0.1798 | 0.1684 | −2.8448 | 0.0003 *** |
RESa | – | – | 2.7328 | 0.0005 *** | ||
−2LogL | 2307.5760 | 2318.9260 | 2306.8640 |
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Amarasinghe, A.; D’Souza, G.; Brown, C.; Oh, H.; Borisova, T. The Influence of Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants on Health and Obesity: A West Virginia Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 2271-2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6082271
Amarasinghe A, D’Souza G, Brown C, Oh H, Borisova T. The Influence of Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants on Health and Obesity: A West Virginia Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(8):2271-2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6082271
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmarasinghe, Anura, Gerard D’Souza, Cheryl Brown, Hyungna Oh, and Tatiana Borisova. 2009. "The Influence of Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants on Health and Obesity: A West Virginia Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 8: 2271-2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6082271