Food Environment Around Schools in a Capital City in Southern Brazil: Changes in the Availability of Commercial Food Establishments Between 2012 and 2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Establishments Fresh Food | Establishments Ultra-Processed | Establishments Mixed |
---|---|---|
Butcher’s shop Street market Fishmonger’s shop Fresh produce retailer | Snack bars Convenience store Candy retailer Street vendor | Hypermarket Market/grocery store Bakery Restaurant Supermarket Food retailer Dairy retailer |
2012 | 2019 | Variation in the Proportion of Types of Establishments During the Period | Proportional Variation in the Number of Establishments During the Period | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ∆% = %2019 − %2012 | ∆% = (n2019 − n2012/n2012) × 100 | |
Butcher | 27 | 1.0 | 73 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 170% |
Street vendor | 59 | 2.2 | 243 | 4.7 | 2.5 | 312% |
Convenience store | 55 | 2.0 | 27 | 0.5 | −1.5 | −51% |
Hypermarket | 5 | 0.2 | 12 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 140% |
Snack bar | 733 | 27.2 | 1418 | 27.6 | 0.4 | 93% |
Minimarket | 280 | 10.4 | 555 | 10.8 | 0.4 | 98% |
Bakery | 198 | 7.4 | 202 | 3.9 | −3.5 | 2% |
Restaurant | 1103 | 41.0 | 1543 | 30.0 | −11.0 | 40% |
Supermarket | 30 | 1.1 | 95 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 217% |
Candy retailer | 47 | 1.7 | 79 | 1.5 | −0.2 | 68% |
Street markets | 48 | 1.8 | 66 | 1.3 | −0.5 | 38% |
Fruit and vegetable retailer | 28 | 1.0 | 107 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 282% |
Fishmonger | 35 | 1.3 | 76 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 117% |
Dairy retailer | 8 | 0.3 | 41 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 413% |
Food retailer | 37 | 1.4 | 604 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 1532% |
Total number of establishments | 2693 | 100.0 | 5141 | 100.0 | 91% |
2012 | 2019 | Variation in the Proportion of Types of Establishments During the Period | Proportional Variation in the Number of Establishments During the Period | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ∆% = %2019 − %2012 | ∆% = (n2019 − n2012/n2012) × 100 | |
Fresh Food | 138 | 5.1 | 322 | 6.3 | 1.2 | 133% |
Mixed | 1661 | 61.7 | 3052 | 59.4 | −2.3 | 84% |
Ultra-processed | 894 | 33.2 | 1767 | 34.4 | 1.2 | 98% |
Total number of establishments | 2693 | 100.0 | 5141 | 100.0 |
2012 | 2019 | Wilcoxon (Z-Test) | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Total | Mean ± SD | Total | |||
Butcher’s shop | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 4 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 6 | −0.707 | 0.480 |
Street markets | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 7 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 8 | −0.577 | 0.564 |
Fishmonger’s shop | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 3 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 7 | −1.414 | 0.157 |
Fruit and vegetable retailer | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0 | −1.000 | 0.317 |
Fresh Establishments | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 15 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 21 | −1.294 | 0.196 |
Snack Bar | 5.3 ± 6.7 | 58 | 10.5 ± 11.7 | 115 | −2.405 | 0.016 |
Convenience Store | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 1 | −1.342 | 0.180 |
Candy Retailer | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 3 | −0.816 | 0.414 |
Street Vendors | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 2 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 16 | −2.410 | 0.016 |
Ultra-processed food establishments | 5.9 ± 7.2 | 65 | 12.3 ± 12.3 | 135 | −2.451 | 0.014 |
Hypermarket | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 2 | −1.414 | 0.157 |
Minimarket/grocery store | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 21 | 4.0 ± 2.1 | 44 | −2.699 | 0.007 |
Bakery | 2.4 ± 2.9 | 26 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0 | −2.536 | 0.011 |
Restaurant | 8.5 ± 11.5 | 93 | 10.6 ± 12.1 | 117 | −2.203 | 0.028 |
Supermarket | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 3 | 0.8 ± 1.3 | 9 | −1.186 | 0.236 |
Dairy retailer | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 1 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 4 | −1.134 | 0.257 |
Food retailer | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 1 | 4.4 ± 3.2 | 48 | −2.812 | 0.005 |
Mixed Establishments | 13.2 ± 14.7 | 145 | 20.4 ± 15.4 | 224 | −2.809 | 0.005 |
Total number of establishments | 20.5 ± 22.7 | 225 | 34.5 ± 27.9 | 380 | −2.937 | 0.003 |
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de Souza, L.D.; Corrêa, E.N.; Lopes, A.A.d.S.; Gabriel, C.G.; de Vasconcelos, F.d.A.G. Food Environment Around Schools in a Capital City in Southern Brazil: Changes in the Availability of Commercial Food Establishments Between 2012 and 2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060877
de Souza LD, Corrêa EN, Lopes AAdS, Gabriel CG, de Vasconcelos FdAG. Food Environment Around Schools in a Capital City in Southern Brazil: Changes in the Availability of Commercial Food Establishments Between 2012 and 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(6):877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060877
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Souza, Lidiamara Dornelles, Elizabeth Nappi Corrêa, Adalberto Aparecido dos Santos Lopes, Cristine Garcia Gabriel, and Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos. 2025. "Food Environment Around Schools in a Capital City in Southern Brazil: Changes in the Availability of Commercial Food Establishments Between 2012 and 2019" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 6: 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060877
APA Stylede Souza, L. D., Corrêa, E. N., Lopes, A. A. d. S., Gabriel, C. G., & de Vasconcelos, F. d. A. G. (2025). Food Environment Around Schools in a Capital City in Southern Brazil: Changes in the Availability of Commercial Food Establishments Between 2012 and 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(6), 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060877