Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Non-Medical University Students, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Consideration
2.2. Study Design and Settings
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Sample Size
2.3.1. Sample Technique
2.3.2. Data Collection Instrument
2.3.3. Quality Assurance
2.3.4. Data Presentation and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics:
3.2. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Antibiotic Resistance
4. Discussion
4.1. Strength
4.2. Limitation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Categories | No. | % |
---|---|---|---|
Age groups (years) | 17–18 | 140 | 20.8 |
19–20 | 247 | 36.8 | |
21–22 | 202 | 30.1 | |
23–24 | 83 | 12.4 | |
Gender | Male | 269 | 40.0 |
Female | 403 | 60.0 | |
Nationality | Saudi | 635 | 94.5 |
Non-Saudi | 37 | 5.5 | |
University | IMSU | 363 | 54.0 |
KSU | 181 | 26.9 | |
PNAU | 84 | 12.5 | |
PSU | 11 | 1.6 | |
AFU | 21 | 3.1 | |
AYU | 12 | 1.8 | |
Field of study | Business | 229 | 34.1 |
Literary | 206 | 30.7 | |
Engineering | 93 | 13.8 | |
Computer science | 81 | 12.1 | |
Sciences | 63 | 9.4 | |
Marital status | Married | 27 | 4.0 |
Non-married | 645 | 96.0 |
Total Knowledge | No. | % |
---|---|---|
Insufficient knowledge | 275 | 40.9 |
Sufficient knowledge | 397 | 59.1 |
Negative attitude | 269 | 40.0 |
Positive attitude | 403 | 60.0 |
Inappropriate practice | 265 | 39.4 |
Appropriate practice | 407 | 60.6 |
Variable | Categories | Sufficient Knowledge | Sufficient Attitude | Sufficient Practices | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | p Value | No. | % | p Value | No. | % | p Value | ||
Age | 17–18 years | 88 | 62.9 | 0.109 | 92 | 65.7 | 0.003 | 94 | 67.1 | 0.005 |
19–20 years | 148 | 59.9 | 147 | 59.5 | 146 | 59.1 | ||||
21–22 years | 122 | 60.4 | 129 | 63.9 | 130 | 64.4 | ||||
23–24 years | 39 | 47.0 | 35 | 42.2 | 37 | 44.6 | ||||
Gender | Male | 153 | 56.9 | 0.343 | 144 | 53.5 | 0.005 | 152 | 56.5 | 0.079 |
Female | 244 | 60.5 | 259 | 64.3 | 255 | 63.3 | ||||
Nationality | Saudi | 372 | 58.6 | 0.280 | 380 | 59.8 | 0.780 | 384 | 60.5 | 0.838 |
Non-Saudi | 25 | 67.6 | 23 | 62.2 | 23 | 62.2 | ||||
University | IMSU | 200 | 55.1 | 0.300 | 205 | 56.5 | 0.220 | 209 | 57.6 | 0.150 |
KSU | 118 | 65.2 | 120 | 66.3 | 121 | 66.9 | ||||
PNAU | 50 | 59.5 | 54 | 64.3 | 51 | 60.7 | ||||
PSU | 7 | 63.6 | 5 | 45.5 | 4 | 36.4 | ||||
AFU | 14 | 66.7 | 13 | 61.9 | 15 | 71.4 | ||||
AYU | 8 | 66.7 | 6 | 50.0 | 7 | 58.3 | ||||
Field of study | Business | 136 | 59.4 | 0.003 | 151 | 65.9 | 0.004 | 147 | 64.2 | <0.001 |
Literary | 101 | 49.0 | 106 | 51.5 | 99 | 48.1 | ||||
Engineering | 65 | 69.9 | 66 | 71.0 | 71 | 76.3 | ||||
Computer sc | 52 | 64.2 | 45 | 55.6 | 50 | 61.7 | ||||
Sciences | 43 | 68.3 | 35 | 55.6 | 40 | 63.5 |
Variable | Categories | Knowledge | Attitude | Practices | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% C. I | p-Value | OR | 95% C. I | p-Value | OR | 95% C. I | p-Value | ||
Age | 17–18 years | R | - | - | R | - | - | R | - | - |
19–20 years | 0.992 | 0.633–1.554 | 0.971 | 0.792 | 0.501–1.251 | 0.317 | 0.740 | 0.466–1.175 | 0.201 | |
21–22 years | 0.962 | 0.588–1.573 | 0.877 | 0.855 | 0.517– 1.414 | 0.543 | 0.819 | 0.493–1.361 | 0.441 | |
23–24 years | 0.590 | 0.331–1.054 | 0.075 | 0.410 | 0.227–0.741 | 0.003 | .416 | 0.229–0.755 | 0.004 | |
Gender | Male | R | - | - | R | - | - | R | - | - |
Female | 1.281 | 0.909–1.806 | 0.157 | 1.658 | 1.170–2.350 | 0.004 | 1.520 | 1.070–2.160 | 0.019 | |
Nationality | Saudi | 0.772 | 0.346–1.725 | 0.528 | 0.651 | 0.291–1.456 | 0.296 | 0.975 | 0.437–2.172 | 0.950 |
Non-Saudi | R | - | - | R | - | - | R | - | - | |
University | IMSU | 0.957 | 0.258–3.549 | 0.947 | 1.839 | 0.508–6.662 | 0.354 | 1.550 | 0.422–5.700 | 0.509 |
KSU | 1.132 | 0.304–4.209 | 0.853 | 2.722 | 0.751–9.872 | 0.128 | 1.741 | 0.473–6.407 | 0.404 | |
PNAU | 0.770 | 0.197–3.020 | 0.708 | 1.751 | 0.457–6.704 | 0.413 | 0.993 | 0.255–3.870 | 0.992 | |
PSU | 0.953 | 0.159–5.711 | 0.958 | .801 | 0.140–4.595 | 0.803 | 0.337 | 0.056–2.032 | 0.235 | |
AFU | 0.845 | 0.180–3.962 | 0.831 | 1.462 | 0.324–6.596 | 0.621 | 1.588 | 0.334–7.553 | 0.561 | |
AYU | R | - | - | R | - | - | R | - | - | |
Field of study | Business | 0.749 | .393–1.428 | 0.380 | 1.988 | 1.053–3.753 | 0.034 | 1.124 | 0.591–2.134 | 0.722 |
Literary | 0.478 | 0.252–0.908 | 0.024 | 0.996 | .533–1.862 | 0.990 | 0.543 | 0.287–1.025 | 0.059 | |
Engineering | 1.166 | 0.574–2.369 | 0.672 | 2.265 | 1.127–4.552 | 0.022 | 2.243 | 1.082–4.651 | 0.030 | |
Computer sc | 0.886 | 0.435–1.804 | 0.738 | 1.158 | 0.582–2.304 | 0.677 | 1.053 | 0.521–2.126 | 0.886 | |
Sciences | R | - | - | R | - | - | R | - | - |
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Bawazir, A.; Bohairi, A.; Badughaysh, O.; Alhussain, A.; Abuobaid, M.; Abuobaid, M.; Al Jabber, A.; Mardini, Y.; Alothman, A.; Alsomih, F.; et al. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Non-Medical University Students, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060868
Bawazir A, Bohairi A, Badughaysh O, Alhussain A, Abuobaid M, Abuobaid M, Al Jabber A, Mardini Y, Alothman A, Alsomih F, et al. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Non-Medical University Students, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(6):868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060868
Chicago/Turabian StyleBawazir, Amen, Abdullah Bohairi, Omar Badughaysh, Abdulmohsen Alhussain, Mohannad Abuobaid, Majd Abuobaid, Azzam Al Jabber, Yaman Mardini, Abdulaziz Alothman, Faris Alsomih, and et al. 2025. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Non-Medical University Students, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 6: 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060868
APA StyleBawazir, A., Bohairi, A., Badughaysh, O., Alhussain, A., Abuobaid, M., Abuobaid, M., Al Jabber, A., Mardini, Y., Alothman, A., Alsomih, F., AlMuzaini, A., & BaHamdan, M. (2025). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Non-Medical University Students, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(6), 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060868