Is the Impact of Food Insecurity on Food-Related Behavior Moderated by Generation in South Korea?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Perceived Food Insecurity
2.2. Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Food Purchasing Behaviors
2.3. Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Food Preparation Practices
2.4. Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Life Satisfaction
2.5. Moderating Role of Generations
3. Methodology
3.1. Procedures
3.2. Measurement of Variables
3.3. Analysis Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | N | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 156 | 52.0 |
Female | 144 | 48.0 |
Generations | ||
M generation | 116 | 38.7 |
X generation | 106 | 35.3 |
Boomer generation | 78 | 26.0 |
Education level | ||
High school | 21 | 7.0 |
College | 81 | 27.0 |
University | 198 | 66.0 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 165 | 55.0 |
Unmarried | 128 | 42.6 |
Others | 7 | 2.4 |
Construct (Cronbach’s Alpha) | Standardized Estimate | t-Value | CCR a | AVE b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food insecurity (0.940) | 0.864 | 0.689 | ||
FI1 | 0.894 | Fixed | ||
FI2 | 0.900 | 23.739 *** | ||
FI3 | 0.849 | 20.839 *** | ||
FI4 | 0.830 | 19.854 *** | ||
FI5 | 0.761 | 16.924 *** | ||
FI6 | 0.811 | 18.970 *** | ||
FI7 | 0.755 | 16.688 *** | ||
Food purchasing behavior: Budgets (0.966) | 0.925 | 0.828 | ||
BU1 | 0.885 | Fixed | ||
BU2 | 0.938 | 26.395 *** | ||
BU3 | 0.949 | 27.190 *** | ||
BU4 | 0.912 | 24.523 *** | ||
BU5 | 0.917 | 24.873 *** | ||
BU6 | 0.858 | 21.298 *** | ||
Food purchasing behavior: Supermarket offers (0.934) | 0.849 | 0.782 | ||
SO1 | 0.924 | Fixed | ||
SO2 | 0.870 | 23.122 *** | ||
SO3 | 0.889 | 24.318 *** | ||
SO4 | 0.854 | 22.124 *** | ||
Food preparation practices: Meal planning (0.844) | 0.708 | 0.655 | ||
EA1 | 0.949 | Fixed | ||
EA2 | 0.786 | 15.937 *** | ||
EA3 | 0.671 | 12.949 *** | ||
Food preparation practices: Resourcefulness (0.801) | 0.712 | 0.597 | ||
RE1 | 0.620 | Fixed | ||
RE2 | 0.880 | 10.687 *** | ||
RE3 | 0.796 | 10.498 *** | ||
Life satisfaction (0.839) | 0.746 | 0.662 | ||
LS1 | 0.787 | Fixed | ||
LS2 | 0.665 | 12.170 *** | ||
LS3 | 0.963 | 14.515 *** |
Construct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Mean ± SD a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food insecurity | 1 | 2.82 ± 1.34 | ||||
Budgets | 0.592 ** | 1 | 3.02 ± 1.41 | |||
Supermarket offers | 0.423 ** | 0.471 ** | 1 | 4.17 ± 1.46 | ||
Meal planning | 0.471 ** | 0.440 ** | 0.369 ** | 1 | 2.90 ± 1.30 | |
Resourcefulness | 0.403 ** | 0.413 ** | 0.329 ** | 0.325 ** | 1 | 3.97 ± 1.23 |
Life satisfaction | −0.208 ** | −0.235 ** | −0.249 ** | −0.126 * | −0.134 * | 4.31 ± 1.19 |
Hypothesized Path (Stated as Alternative Hypothesis) | Standardized Path Coefficients | t-Value | Results |
---|---|---|---|
H1a: Food insecurity → Budgets | 0.645 | 10.682 *** | Accepted |
H1b: Food insecurity → Supermarket offers | 0.487 | 8.047 *** | Accepted |
H2a: Food insecurity → Meal planning | 0.559 | 9.138 *** | Accepted |
H2b: Food insecurity → Resourcefulness | 0.452 | 6.270 *** | Accepted |
H3: Food insecurity → Life satisfaction | −0.285 | −4.525 *** | Accepted |
Goodness-of-fit statistics | χ2(294) = 715.164 (p < 0.001) | ||
χ2/df = 2.433 | |||
GFI = 0.838 | |||
IFI = 0.938 | |||
CFI = 0.938 | |||
RMSEA = 0.069 |
M Generation (N = 116) | X Generation (N = 106) | Boomer Generation (N = 78) | Unconstrained Model Chi-Square (df = 882) | Constrained Model Chi-Square (df = 884) | ∆χ2 (df = 2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized Coefficients | t-Value | Standardized Coefficients | t-Value | Standardized Coefficients | t-Value | ||||
H4a: Food insecurity → Budgets | 0.652 | 6.388 *** | 0.692 | 6.223 *** | 0.563 | 5.324 *** | 1620.291 | 1625.244 | 4.953 ns |
H4b: Food insecurity → Supermarket offers | 0.427 | 4.310 *** | 0.429 | 4.037 *** | 0.656 | 6.395 *** | 1620.555 | 0.264 ns | |
H4c: Food insecurity → Meal planning | 0.640 | 6.068 *** | 0.463 | 4.473 *** | 0.524 | 4.692 *** | 1624.188 | 3.897 ns | |
H4d: Food insecurity → Resourcefulness | 0.579 | 4.877 *** | 0.221 | 1.983 * | 0.492 | 3.315 *** | 1626.756 | 6.465 * | |
H4e: Food insecurity → Life satisfaction | −0.158 | −1.580 ns | −0.355 | −3.382 *** | −0.392 | −3.287 ** | 1626.315 | 6.024 * |
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Jung, H.S.; Hwang, Y.H.; Yoon, H.H. Is the Impact of Food Insecurity on Food-Related Behavior Moderated by Generation in South Korea? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050766
Jung HS, Hwang YH, Yoon HH. Is the Impact of Food Insecurity on Food-Related Behavior Moderated by Generation in South Korea? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(5):766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050766
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Hyo Sun, Yu Hyun Hwang, and Hye Hyun Yoon. 2025. "Is the Impact of Food Insecurity on Food-Related Behavior Moderated by Generation in South Korea?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 5: 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050766
APA StyleJung, H. S., Hwang, Y. H., & Yoon, H. H. (2025). Is the Impact of Food Insecurity on Food-Related Behavior Moderated by Generation in South Korea? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(5), 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050766