Precarity in the Modes of Living: Proposing an Index for Studying Health Inequities at the Ecological Level in Colombia
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. The Latin American Social Determination of Health
1.1.1. The Modes of Living
1.1.2. Approaching Deprivation from the Social Determination of Health
1.2. Precarity in the Modes of Living
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Aim
2.2. Study Setting and Data Sources
2.3. Index Development
2.3.1. Index Dimensions
2.3.2. Selection of Indicators
2.3.3. Sequential Principal Component Analysis
2.4. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
2.5. Regression with Health Indicator
3. Results
3.1. Index of Precarity in the Modes of Living
3.2. Spatial Autocorrelation of Precarity
3.3. Association with Public Health Indicators
4. Discussion
4.1. Index Constitution
4.1.1. Metabolic (Ecosystem) Relations
4.1.2. Consumption
4.1.3. Cultural-Spiritual Means
4.1.4. Work
4.1.5. Organization and Support
4.1.6. Power Relations
4.2. Distribution of Precarity and Potential Value for Public Health Planning
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Theoretical Dimension | Indicator | Minimum * | Median * | Maximum * | Contribution to Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Power relations | 1.1. Ethnic communities (Afro-Colombian, Indigenous, and Rom communities) | 0.45 | 10.5 | 95.5 | 4.0 |
1.2. Population younger than 18 years | 23.01 | 33.2 | 49.7 | 6.1 | |
1.3. Population older than 65 years | 3.13 | 7.4 | 11.8 | 3.6 | |
2. Metabolic (ecosystem) relations | 2.1. Cooking with potentially dangerous sources (solid fuels) | 0.08 | 15.9 | 81.5 | 5.6 |
2.2. Lack of access to complete home services a | 0.92 | 32.2 | 83.1 | 5.6 | |
2.3. Overcrowding | 3.4 | 13.9 | 39.9 | 5.0 | |
2.4. Insufficient housing infrastructure b | 6.2 | 41.1 | 99.8 | 4.4 | |
2.5. Lack of adequate sewage | 0.39 | 13.4 | 71.6 | 3.8 | |
3. Cultural-spiritual means | 3.1. Self-recognition as poor | 14.7 | 45.3 | 78.4 | 5.5 |
4. Consumption | 4.1. Household income lower than the national minimum wage c | 8.97 | 35.3 | 74.4 | 6.3 |
4.2. Digital divide d | 24.1 | 61.2 | 99.01 | 6.3 | |
4.3. Lack of house ownership | 4.7 | 27.3 | 43.2 | 6.0 | |
4.4. School lag (backwardness) e | 5.8 | 13.1 | 26.7 | 5.8 | |
4.5. Lack of basic supplies f | 13.3 | 52.9 | 92.1 | 5.9 | |
4.6. Perception of insufficient household income for basic expenses | 22.2 | 42.4 | 68.5 | 5.4 | |
4.7. Illiteracy e | 1.5 | 11.4 | 30.6 | 4.3 | |
5. Work | 5.1. Low job satisfaction | 17.1 | 28.8 | 50.6 | 4.7 |
5.2. Inadequate conditions at work g | 25.4 | 57.6 | 80.2 | 4.3 | |
5.3. Partial employee benefits and perks h | 1.02 | 11.05 | 48.5 | 3.8 | |
5.4. Lack of social security/Informal work i | 48.2 | 79.2 | 89.02 | 3.4 |
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Santa Ramírez, H.-A.; Ramírez-Giraldo, A.-F.; Pilkington, H.; Borrell, C.; Otálvaro-Castro, G.-J. Precarity in the Modes of Living: Proposing an Index for Studying Health Inequities at the Ecological Level in Colombia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040537
Santa Ramírez H-A, Ramírez-Giraldo A-F, Pilkington H, Borrell C, Otálvaro-Castro G-J. Precarity in the Modes of Living: Proposing an Index for Studying Health Inequities at the Ecological Level in Colombia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(4):537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040537
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanta Ramírez, Hugo-Alejandro, Andrés-Felipe Ramírez-Giraldo, Hugo Pilkington, Carme Borrell, and Gabriel-Jaime Otálvaro-Castro. 2025. "Precarity in the Modes of Living: Proposing an Index for Studying Health Inequities at the Ecological Level in Colombia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 4: 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040537
APA StyleSanta Ramírez, H.-A., Ramírez-Giraldo, A.-F., Pilkington, H., Borrell, C., & Otálvaro-Castro, G.-J. (2025). Precarity in the Modes of Living: Proposing an Index for Studying Health Inequities at the Ecological Level in Colombia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(4), 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040537