The Longitudinal Association Between Habitual Smartphone Use and Peer Attachment: A Random Intercept Latent Transition Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Peer Attachment and Its Predictors
1.1.1. Stress
1.1.2. School Connectedness
1.1.3. Family Attachment
1.1.4. Social Goals
1.2. Habitual Smartphone
1.3. Habitual Smartphone Use and Peer Attachment
1.4. Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Demographics
2.2.2. Peer Attachment
2.2.3. Habitual Smartphone Use
2.2.4. Stress
2.2.5. Family Attachment
2.2.6. School Connectedness
2.2.7. Social Goals
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Profile Enumeration
3.4. RI-LTA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Habitual Smartphone Use | 1 | |||||||
2 Stress | 0.29 *** | 1 | ||||||
3 Family Attachment | −0.22 *** | −0.31 *** | 1 | |||||
4 School Connectedness | −0.18 *** | −0.28 *** | 0.41 *** | 1 | ||||
5 Social Popularity Goal | 0.20 *** | 0.13 *** | −0.04 | 0.01 | 1 | |||
6 Social Preference Goal | 0.19 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.03 | 0.10 *** | 0.42 *** | 1 | ||
7 Peer Attachment Wave 1 | −0.08 ** | −0.16 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.39 *** | −0.15 *** | 0.08 ** | 1 | |
8 Peer Attachment Wave 2 | −0.05 | −0.03 | 0.11 *** | 0.19 *** | −0.09 ** | 0.09 ** | 0.44 *** | 1 |
Mean | 4.02 | 1.63 | 3.41 | 3.32 | 2.46 | 3.83 | 3.51 | 3.47 |
SD | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.74 | 0.61 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 1.51 | 1.41 |
Profiles | AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | ||||
2 | 61,454.48 | 61,793.49 | 61,583.84 | 0.75 |
3 | 60,338.56 | 60,775.16 | 60,505.16 | 0.76 |
4 | 59,873.41 | 60,479.51 | 60,104.69 | 0.70 |
Controlling for demographics | ||||
2 | 61,396.94 | 61,797.59 | 61,549.82 | 0.75 |
3 | 60,279.33 | 60,818.66 | 60,485.13 | 0.76 |
4 | 59,832.14 | 60,582.07 | 60,118.30 | 0.70 |
Controlling for all covariates | ||||
2 | 58,059.37 | 58,530.47 | 58,235.07 | 0.77 |
3 | 57,003.54 | 57,662.07 | 57,249.14 | 0.78 |
4 | 56,485.52 | 57,402.39 | 56,827.47 | 0.73 |
Wave 2 Profiles | |||
---|---|---|---|
Wave 1 Profiles | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 |
Profile 1 | 0.603 | 0.267 | 0.130 |
Profile 2 | 0.313 | 0.644 | 0.043 |
Profile 3 | 0.285 | 0.383 | 0.332 |
Profile 2 vs. Profile 1 | Profile 3 vs. Profile 1 | Profile 3 vs. Profile 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates | OR | LCL | UCL | OR | LCL | UCL | OR | LCL | UCL |
Habitual Smartphone Use | 1.21 | 1.003 | 1.46 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 1.29 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.07 |
Age | 0.93 | 0.79 | 1.09 | 1.04 | 0.82 | 1.31 | 1.12 | 0.90 | 1.41 |
Female (vs. Male) | 0.80 | 0.53 | 1.19 | 1.15 | 0.63 | 2.09 | 1.44 | 0.81 | 2.57 |
Asian (vs. White) | 0.83 | 0.51 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 0.70 | 2.61 | 1.63 | 0.84 | 3.17 |
Other Races (vs. White) | 1.16 | 0.53 | 2.51 | 1.01 | 0.39 | 2.64 | 0.87 | 0.35 | 2.16 |
Stress | 1.06 | 0.86 | 1.30 | 1.17 | 0.85 | 1.61 | 1.11 | 0.80 | 1.52 |
Family Attachment | 0.94 | 0.83 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 0.89 | 1.23 | 1.11 | 0.94 | 1.31 |
School Connectedness | 0.78 | 0.54 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 0.62 | 1.69 | 1.31 | 0.78 | 2.20 |
Social Popularity Goal | 1.25 | 0.97 | 1.60 | 0.73 | 0.51 | 1.03 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.83 |
Social Preference Goal | 0.95 | 0.74 | 1.23 | 1.25 | 0.84 | 1.87 | 1.31 | 0.88 | 1.96 |
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Zhao, H.; Biferie, M.D.; Xiao, B.; Shapka, J. The Longitudinal Association Between Habitual Smartphone Use and Peer Attachment: A Random Intercept Latent Transition Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040489
Zhao H, Biferie MD, Xiao B, Shapka J. The Longitudinal Association Between Habitual Smartphone Use and Peer Attachment: A Random Intercept Latent Transition Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(4):489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040489
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Haoyu, Michelle Dusko Biferie, Bowen Xiao, and Jennifer Shapka. 2025. "The Longitudinal Association Between Habitual Smartphone Use and Peer Attachment: A Random Intercept Latent Transition Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 4: 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040489
APA StyleZhao, H., Biferie, M. D., Xiao, B., & Shapka, J. (2025). The Longitudinal Association Between Habitual Smartphone Use and Peer Attachment: A Random Intercept Latent Transition Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(4), 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040489