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Article

Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts

by
Marly Johana Bahamón
1,*,
José Julián Javela
1,
Andrea Ortega-Bechara
1,
Shadye Matar-Khalil
1,
Esteban Ocampo-Flórez
2,
J Isaac Uribe-Alvarado
3,
Andrés Cabezas-Corcione
1 and
Lorena Cudris-Torres
4
1
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia
2
CINDE, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
3
Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
4
Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030411
Submission received: 23 January 2025 / Revised: 5 March 2025 / Accepted: 7 March 2025 / Published: 11 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral and Mental Health)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Suicide is a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and among vulnerable groups such as adolescents. Despite increasing research efforts, understanding the psychosocial factors associated with suicidal behavior remains a challenge. This study examines family and personal histories of suicidal behavior, exposure to violence, empathy, and perceived social support in adolescents who have received healthcare services in Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 438 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Participants were classified into suicide attempt survivors (AS, n = 58) and non-attempters (NAS, n = 380). A characterization questionnaire was applied (prior hospitalization for suicide attempt, family history, and survivor condition), the Alexian Brother Urge to Self-Injure scale, the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test. Results: Adolescents with a history of suicide attempts exhibited higher levels of self-injurious behavior impulse (OR = 8.90, CI 95% [4.28–18.52], p < 0.001), Gravity attempt (OR = 8.162, CI 95% [4.34–15.37], p < 0.001), and suicide risk (OR = 2.90, CI 95% [1.42–5.94], p = 0.006). A significant association was found between suicide attempts and exposure to domestic (p = 0.000), school (p = 0.000), and sexual violence (p = 0.000). A family history of suicide attempts increased the likelihood of suicidal behavior in adolescents (OR = 2.40, CI 95% [1.12–5.16], p = 0.022). In contrast, perceived family support acted as a potential protective factor (OR = 0.36, CI 95% [0.15–0.91], p = 0.055). Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for prevention strategies that address social and developmental factors.
Keywords: social determinants; developmental factors; suicide risk; self-injury; social support; empathy; adolescents social determinants; developmental factors; suicide risk; self-injury; social support; empathy; adolescents

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bahamón, M.J.; Javela, J.J.; Ortega-Bechara, A.; Matar-Khalil, S.; Ocampo-Flórez, E.; Uribe-Alvarado, J.I.; Cabezas-Corcione, A.; Cudris-Torres, L. Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030411

AMA Style

Bahamón MJ, Javela JJ, Ortega-Bechara A, Matar-Khalil S, Ocampo-Flórez E, Uribe-Alvarado JI, Cabezas-Corcione A, Cudris-Torres L. Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(3):411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030411

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bahamón, Marly Johana, José Julián Javela, Andrea Ortega-Bechara, Shadye Matar-Khalil, Esteban Ocampo-Flórez, J Isaac Uribe-Alvarado, Andrés Cabezas-Corcione, and Lorena Cudris-Torres. 2025. "Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 3: 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030411

APA Style

Bahamón, M. J., Javela, J. J., Ortega-Bechara, A., Matar-Khalil, S., Ocampo-Flórez, E., Uribe-Alvarado, J. I., Cabezas-Corcione, A., & Cudris-Torres, L. (2025). Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(3), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030411

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