Impact of Nutrition Interventions on Vitamin and Mineral Intake among Native American Children and Parents: Insights from Food Resource Equity for Sustainable Health (FRESH) Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Intervention
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline (n = 170) | Post-Intervention (n = 151) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention (n = 93) | Control (n = 77) | Intervention (n = 85) | Control (n = 66) | |
Minerals | ||||
Calcium (mg) | 826 ± 556 | 853 ± 533 | 781 ± 461 | 874 ± 482 |
Iron (mg) | 11 ± 7 | 11 ± 5 | 10 ± 6 | 12 ± 7 |
Magnesium (mg) | 216 ± 99 | 224 ± 93 | 205 ± 111 | 240 ± 107 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1103 ± 514 | 1177 ± 601 | 1079 ± 559 | 1201 ± 580 |
Potassium (mg) | 1987 ± 947 | 1981 ± 843 | 1756 ± 881 | 2026 ± 910 |
Sodium (mg) | 3081 ± 1379 | 3111 ± 1340 | 2816 ± 1442 | 3084 ± 1488 |
Zinc (mg) | 9 ± 5 | 9 ± 5 | 8 ± 5 § | 10 ± 6 |
Copper (mg) | 1 ± 1 | 1 ± 0 | 1 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 |
Selenium (mcg) | 92 ± 46 | 90 ± 49 | 86 ± 49 | 101 ± 54 |
Baseline (n = 170) | Post-Intervention (n = 151) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention (n = 93) | Control (n = 77) | Intervention (n = 85) | Control (n = 66) | |
Vitamins | ||||
Vitamin C (mg) | 55 ± 93 | 45 ± 52 | 41 ± 43 | 52 ± 51 |
Thiamine (mg) | 1 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 § | 1 ± 1 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 |
Niacin (mg) | 20 ± 10 | 19 ± 10 | 18 ± 11 | 21 ± 13 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2 ± 2 | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 2 |
Folate (mcg) | 290 ± 191 | 287 ± 148 | 283 ± 213 | 316 ± 227 |
Folic Acid (mcg) | 144 ± 170 | 125 ± 85 | 134 ± 170 | 150 ± 193 |
Folate, food (mcg) | 146 ± 82 | 162 ± 107 | 150 ± 122 | 166 ± 96 |
Foldate, DFE (mcg_DFE) | 391 ± 303 | 375 ± 194 | 377 ± 318 | 421 ± 354 |
Vitamin B-12 (mcg) | 3 ± 3 | 4 ± 5 | 4 ± 5 | 4 ± 3 |
Vitamin A, RAE (mcg_RAE) | 440 ± 357 | 474 ± 373 | 390 ± 330 | 490 ± 367 |
Retinol (mcg) | 301 ± 283 | 357 ± 315 | 258 ± 210 | 324 ± 289 |
Carotene, beta (mcg) | 1453 ± 2671 | 1243 ± 1734 | 1480 ± 2232 | 1784 ± 2746 |
Carotene, alpha (mcg) | 364 ± 860 | 266 ± 562 | 180 ± 562 | 362 ± 980 |
Cryptoxanthin, beta (mcg) | 59 ± 118 | 52 ± 101 | 49 ± 98 | 53 ± 101 |
Lycopene (mcg) | 4881 ± 7223 | 4652 ± 6382 | 3993 ± 7198 | 3474 ± 4593 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin (mcg) | 861 ± 975 | 1081 ± 1767 | 1728 ± 2926 * | 1206 ± 1718 |
Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg) | 6 ± 4 | 6 ± 4 | 6 ± 5 | 7 ± 5 |
Vitamin K, phylloquinone (mcg) | 75 ± 69 | 87 ± 106 | 105 ± 120 * | 91 ± 116 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 264 ± 194 | 274 ± 257 | 210 ± 176 * | 247 ± 215 |
Fatty acids, total saturated (g) | 23 ± 14 | 24 ± 15 | 21 ± 14 | 22 ± 13 |
Baseline (n = 170) | Post-Intervention (n = 151) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention (n = 93) | Control (n = 77) | Intervention (n = 85) | Control (n = 66) | |
Macronutrients | ||||
Protein (g) | 68 ± 29 | 66 ± 34 | 66 ± 37 | 75 ± 38 |
Total fat (g) | 69 ± 35 | 69 ± 38 | 61 ± 37 | 65 ± 32 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 204 ± 112 § | 244 ± 116 | 166 ± 95 * § | 198 ± 106 * |
Water (g) | 2650 ± 1311 | 3079 ± 1823 | 2271 ± 1503 | 2652 ± 1287 |
Alcohol (g) | 2 ± 11 | 2 ± 7 | 3 ± 16 | 1 ± 4 |
Caffeine (mg) | 145 ± 148 | 167 ± 162 | 98 ± 119 * | 105 ± 147 * |
Theobromine (mg) | 34 ± 67 | 42 ± 49 | 22 ± 48 | 23 ± 50 * |
Sugars (g) | 99 ± 77 § | 131 ± 88 | 75 ± 60 * | 92 ± 70 * |
Fiber, total dietary (g) | 12 ± 7 | 12 ± 7 | 11 ± 8 | 13 ± 8 |
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Sun, W.; Taniguchi, T.; Clyma, K.R.; Jacob, T.S.; Jernigan, V.B.B. Impact of Nutrition Interventions on Vitamin and Mineral Intake among Native American Children and Parents: Insights from Food Resource Equity for Sustainable Health (FRESH) Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081014
Sun W, Taniguchi T, Clyma KR, Jacob TS, Jernigan VBB. Impact of Nutrition Interventions on Vitamin and Mineral Intake among Native American Children and Parents: Insights from Food Resource Equity for Sustainable Health (FRESH) Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(8):1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081014
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Wenjie, Tori Taniguchi, Kaylee R. Clyma, Tvli S. Jacob, and Valarie Blue Bird Jernigan. 2024. "Impact of Nutrition Interventions on Vitamin and Mineral Intake among Native American Children and Parents: Insights from Food Resource Equity for Sustainable Health (FRESH) Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 8: 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081014