Development of the Movement Pattern Observation Tool (MPOT)—An Observational Tool to Measure Limb Movements during Elementary School Recess
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theoretical Framework: Bartenieff Fundamentals and Fundamental Movement Skills
1.2. Gap in Current Assessment Tools
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Phase 1: Identifying the Movements Observed in Recess
2.2. Phase 2: Development of a Limb Movement Assessment Tool
2.3. Phase 3: Interrater Reliability of the MPOT
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight and Obesity. U.S. Department of Health and Huan Services. 2022. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html (accessed on 10 October 2022).
- Ángel Latorre-Román, P.; Berrios-Aguayo, B.; Aragón-Vela, J.; Pantoja-Vallejo, A. Effects of a 10-week active recess program in school setting on physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility in elementary school children. A randomised-controlled trial. J. Sports Sci. 2021, 39, 1277–1286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patton, G.; Viner, R. Pubertal transitions in health. Lancet 2007, 369, 1130–1139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clark, E.M.; Tobias, J.H.; Murray, L.; Boreham, C. Children with low muscle strength are at increased risk of fracture with exposure to exercise. J. Musculoskel. Neuronal Int. 2011, 11, 196–202. [Google Scholar]
- Hulteen, R.; Morgan, P.; Barnett, L.; Stodden, D.; Lubans, D. Development of Foundational Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan. Sports Med. 2018, 48, 1533–1540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rogge, A.K.; Röder, B.; Zech, A.; Nagel, V.; Hollander, K.; Braumann, K.M.; Hötting, K. Balance training improves memory and spatial cognition in healthy adults. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 5661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Einspieler, C.; Marschik, P.B.; Prechtl, H.F. Human motor behavior: Prenatal origin and early postnatal development. Z. Für Psychol./J. Psychol. 2008, 216, 147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Basso, J.C.; Satyal, M.K.; Rugh, R. Dance on the brain: Enhancing intra-and inter-brain synchrony. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2021, 14, 584312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cebolla, A.M.; Cheron, G. Understanding neural oscillations in the human brain: From movement to consciousness and vice versa. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 1930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berardi, G. Making connections: Total body integration through Bartenieff fundamentals. J. Dance Med. Sci. 2004, 8, 91. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S. Exploring the field application of combined cognitive-motor program with mild cognitive impairment elderly patients. J. Exerc. Rehabil. 2018, 14, 817–820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnett, L.M.; Lai, S.K.; Veldman, S.L.C.; Hardy, L.L.; Cliff, D.P.; Morgan, P.J.; Zask, A.; Lubans, D.R.; Shultz, S.P.; Ridgers, N.D.; et al. Correlates of Gross Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2016, 46, 1663–1688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Avigo, E.L.L.; Stodden, D.F.; Silva, A.A.; Rodrigues, V.B.; Barela, J.A. Motor competence deficit in urban-area Brazilian children based on chronological age. Braz. J. Motor Behav. 2019, 13, 52–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Musálek, M.; Clark, C.C.; Kokštejn, J.; Vokounova, Š.; Hnízdil, J.; Mess, F. Impaired Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Muscle Strength in Children with Normal-Weight Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Munn, J.; Herbert, D.; Hancock, M.; Gandevia, S. Training with unilateral resistance exercise increases contralateral strength. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005, 99, 1880–1884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alkhathami, K.; Alshehre, Y.; Wang-Price, S.; Brizzolara, K. Reliability and validity of the Functional Movement Screen™ with a modified scoring system for young adults with low back pain. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2021, 16, 620–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Foweather, L.; Crotti, M.; Foulkes, J.D.; O’Dwyer, M.V.; Utesch, T.; Knowles, Z.R.; Fairclough, S.J.; Ridgers, N.D.; Stratton, G. Foundational Movement Skills and Play Behaviors during Recess among Preschool Children: A Compositional Analysis. Children 2021, 8, 543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bruton, A.; Conway, J.H.; Holgate, S.T. Reliability: What is it, and how is it measured? Physiotherapy 2000, 86, 94–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koo, T.K.; Li, M.Y. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J. Chiropr. Med. 2016, 15, 155–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Portney, L.G.; Watkins, M.P. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice, 3rd ed.; Prentice Hall: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Rhea, D.J.; Rivchun, A.P. The LiiNK Project®: Effects of multiple recesses and character curriculum on classroom behaviors and listening skills in grades K–2 children. Front. Educ. 2018, 3, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buchele Harris, H.; Cortina, K.S.; Templin, T.; Colabianchi, N.; Chen, W. Impact of Coordinated-Bilateral Physical Activities on Attention and Concentration in School-Aged Children. BioMed Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 2539748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Interclass Correlation Coefficient | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% Confidence Interval | |||||
Average Measures | N | Intraclass Correlation | Upper Bound | Lower Bound | Sig |
Master Observer and Observer 2 | 23 | 0.898 | 0.757 | 0.957 | <0.001 |
Master Observer and Observer 3 | 12 | 0.885 | 0.599 | 0.967 | <0.001 |
Total Movements between Observers | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Observations | Observers | Unilateral | Bilateral | Contralateral | Total Kids Moving Limbs | Total Kids Not Moving Limbs (# Standing) | Total Kids Observed |
12 | Observer 1 | 19 | 30 | 86 | 135 (83%) | 28 (19) | 163 |
Observer 2 | 8 | 35 | 98 | 141 (80%) | 35 (22) | 176 | |
23 | Observer 1 | 36 | 66 | 150 | 252 (78%) | 73 (61) | 325 |
Observer 3 | 37 | 72 | 119 | 228 (70%) | 98 (87) | 326 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Webb, G.K.; Rhea, D.J. Development of the Movement Pattern Observation Tool (MPOT)—An Observational Tool to Measure Limb Movements during Elementary School Recess. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085589
Webb GK, Rhea DJ. Development of the Movement Pattern Observation Tool (MPOT)—An Observational Tool to Measure Limb Movements during Elementary School Recess. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(8):5589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085589
Chicago/Turabian StyleWebb, Gemma Kate, and Deborah J. Rhea. 2023. "Development of the Movement Pattern Observation Tool (MPOT)—An Observational Tool to Measure Limb Movements during Elementary School Recess" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8: 5589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085589