Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Ventilation on Intellectual Productivity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
- Patient: General population, such as students or office workers
- Intervention: Change in ventilation rate
- Control: No intervention
- Outcome: Intelligent productivity
2.2. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.3. Data Synthesis and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of Meta-Analysis
3.2. Subgroup Analysis
3.3. Dose-Response Analysis
3.4. Evaluation of Publication Bias
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lead Author (Publication Year) | Study Design | Location | Season | Population Source | Number of Participants | Age of Participants | Ventilation Type | Method of Estimating Ventilation Rates | Range of Estimated Ventilation Rate L/(s · person) | The Presence or Absence of Room Temperature Control | Measured CO2 Concentration † | Learning Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wargocki and Wyon (2007) [28] | 2 × 2 crossover intervention study | Denmark | Winter (January) | 2 classrooms in 1 elementary school | 44 | 10–12 | Mechanical ventilation | Calculation by measured CO2 concentrations and occupant density | 3–9.5 | The teachers were free to alter the thermostatic valves on the radiators at any time. | 1102 ppm (925–1280) | School tasks |
Wargocki and Wyon (2007) [29] | 2 × 2 crossover intervention study | Denmark | Late summer (August, September) | 2 classrooms in 1 elementary school | 44 | 10–12 | Mechanical ventilation | Calculation by measured CO2 concentrations and occupant density | 2.7–9.9 | Air temperature was manipulated by either operating or idling split cooling units. | 888 ppm (775–1000) | School tasks |
Coley et al. (2007) [30] | Crossover intervention study | England | Summer | 1 classroom in 1 elementary school | 18 | 10–11 | Natural ventilation | Calculation by measured CO2 concentrations and occupant density | 1.5–13 | Air temperature was maintained by the use of a freestanding air conditioning unit. | 1800 ppm (700–2900) | Psychological tests |
Petersen et al. (2016) [31] | Double-blind crossover intervention study | Denmark | Autumn | 1 classroom in 1 elementary school | 13–24 | 10–12 | Mechanical ventilation | Calculation by measured CO2 concentrations and occupant density | 1.4–6.6 | Ventilation units were equipped with an electrical heating coil. | 1205 ppm (800–1610) | Academic performance tests |
Hviid et al. (2020) [32] | Double-blind 2 × 2 crossover intervention study | Denmark | Autumn (August, September) | 4 classrooms in 1 elementary school | 23 | 10–12 | Mechanical ventilation | Calculation by measured CO2 concentrations and occupant density | 3.9–10.6 | Ventilation supply temperature was controlled according to ventilation rate | 1183 ppm (718–1648) | Cognitive performance test |
Lead Author (Publication Year) | Exposure Assessment | Outcome Assessment | Confounding | Completeness of Outcome Data | Selective Outcome Reporting | Conflicts of Interest | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wargocki and Wyon (2007) [28] | Probably high | Probably low | Low | Low | Low | Probably low | Low |
Wargocki and Wyon (2007) [29] | Probably high | Probably low | Low | Low | Low | Probably low | Low |
Coley et al. (2007) [30] | Probably high | Probably low | Probably high | Low | Low | Probably low | Low |
Petersen et al. (2016) [31] | Probably high | Probably low | Low | Low | Low | Probably low | Low |
Hviid et al. (2020) [32] | Probably high | Probably low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
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Kuramochi, H.; Tsurumi, R.; Ishibashi, Y. Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Ventilation on Intellectual Productivity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085576
Kuramochi H, Tsurumi R, Ishibashi Y. Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Ventilation on Intellectual Productivity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(8):5576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085576
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuramochi, Hayata, Ryuta Tsurumi, and Yoshiki Ishibashi. 2023. "Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Ventilation on Intellectual Productivity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8: 5576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085576