Hugs and Cortisol Awakening Response the Next Day: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
Ecological Momentary Assessment Sampling
2.3. Materials
2.3.1. Hugging
2.3.2. Cortisol
2.4. Overview of Analyses
2.4.1. Hugging
2.4.2. Cortisol Awakening Response and Lagged Effects
2.4.3. Covariates
2.4.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analyses: Hugging and EMA Prompt Completion
3.2. Preliminary Analyses: Cortisol and Potential Confounding Variables
3.3. Preliminary Analyses: Covariates, Independent, and Dependent Variables
3.4. Hugs and CAR
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Mean | SD | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | |
Day 1 | |||||||||||
1. Waking time 1 | 7:18 am | 630.14 | - | ||||||||
2. Minutes between samples | 310.23 | 30.46 | −0.24 * | - | |||||||
3. Cortisol at waking 2 | 0.278 | 0.20 | −0.05 | 0.05 | - | ||||||
4. Cortisol 30 min post-waking 2 | 0.48 | 20.9 | −0.21 * | −0.02 | 0.50 ** | - | |||||
5. CAR 2 | 0.20 | 0.26 | −0.20 * | −0.06 | −0.22 * | 0.74 ** | - | ||||
Day 2 | |||||||||||
6. Waking time 1 | 7:45 am | 1010.7 | 0.162 | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.14 | −0.12 | - | |||
7. Minutes between samples | 310.77 | 50.38 | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | - | ||
8. Cortisol at waking 2 | 0.299 | 0.19 | −14 | 0.08 | 0.49 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.06 | −0.11 | −0.001 | - | |
9. Cortisol 30 min post-waking 2 | 0.46 | 0.24 | −0.14 | 0.14 | 0.38 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.24* | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.36 ** | - |
10. CAR 2 | 0.16 | 0.25 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.10 | −0.42 ** | 0.69 ** |
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Variable | Categories | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 61 | 54.0 |
Male | 49 | 43.8 | |
Unidentified | 2 | 1.8 | |
Age | 18 years old | 96 | 85.7 |
19 years old | 16 | 14.3 | |
Ethnicity 1 | Mexican | 57 | 50.4 |
Other Latine | 14 | 12.4 | |
Pacific Islander | 10 | 8.8 | |
White | 6 | 5.3 | |
Native American | 5 | 4.4 | |
Indian | 5 | 4.4 | |
Other | 5 | 4.4 | |
Other Southeast Asian | 4 | 3.5 | |
Chinese | 3 | 2.7 | |
Middle Eastern | 1 | 0.9 | |
Black | 1 | 0.9 | |
Socioeconomic Status (Childhood Housing Situation) | Unstable | 3 | 2.7 |
Parents rented | 53 | 46.9 | |
Parents owned then rented | 8 | 7.1 | |
Parents rented then owned | 7 | 6.2 | |
Parents owned home | 40 | 35.4 | |
Student Status | First generation | 72 | 64.3 |
Non-first generation | 39 | 34.8 |
Categories | % | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sex 1 | Female Male | 540.5 430.8 | - | |||||||||
2. Ethnicity 2 | Latine Non-Latine | 620.8 370.2 | 0.16 | - | ||||||||
3. Day 1 Compliance 3 | Non-compliant Compliant | 10.8 950.5 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | - | |||||
4. Day 2 Compliance 3 | Non-compliant Compliant | 50.4 940.2 | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.24 * | 0.04 | −0.03 | - | ||||
Mean | SD | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | |
5. Day 1 Hugswp 4 | 10.99 | 160.12 | 0.02 | 0.12 | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.15 | - | |||
6. Day 1 CAR 5 | 10.65 | 0.048 | 0.31 ** | −0.02 | −14 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.07 | −0.19 | - | ||
7. Day 2 Hugswp 4 | 00.96 | 170.10 | 0.03 | −0.20 * | −0.03 | −0.27 ** | 0.01 | 0.10 | −0.56 ** | 0.15 | - | |
8. Day 2 CAR 5 | 10.64 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.18 | −0.13 | - |
9. Hugsbp 6 | 200.24 | 300.4 | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.14 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.16 | 0.10 | 0.003 |
Fixed Effects | Daily Hugswp | Daily Hugswp with Covariates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unstandardized Coefficient | SE | Unstandardized Coefficient | SE | |
Intercept Next-day Cortisol Awakening Response | 1.65 ** | 0.004 | 1.64 ** | 0.012 |
Daily Hugswp 1 | −0.00005 * | 0.0002 | −0.0004 * | 0.0002 |
Hugsbp 2 | −0.0005 | 0.0001 | ||
Sex 3 | 0.020 ** | 0.007 | ||
Ethnicity 4 | −0.0058 | 0.007 | ||
Compliance 5 | −0.007 | 0.010 | ||
Waking time 6 | −0.00006 | 0.00005 | ||
Random Effects | ||||
Level 1 Intercept | 0.00031 * | 0.01768 | 0.00031 * | 0.01773 |
Residual | 0.002 | 0.045 | 0.002 | 0.044 |
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Share and Cite
Romney, C.E.; Arroyo, A.C.; Robles, T.F.; Zawadzki, M.J. Hugs and Cortisol Awakening Response the Next Day: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075340
Romney CE, Arroyo AC, Robles TF, Zawadzki MJ. Hugs and Cortisol Awakening Response the Next Day: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(7):5340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075340
Chicago/Turabian StyleRomney, Chelsea E., Amber Carmen Arroyo, Theodore F. Robles, and Matthew J. Zawadzki. 2023. "Hugs and Cortisol Awakening Response the Next Day: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7: 5340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075340
APA StyleRomney, C. E., Arroyo, A. C., Robles, T. F., & Zawadzki, M. J. (2023). Hugs and Cortisol Awakening Response the Next Day: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7), 5340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075340