A Study on the Localization of Urban Residents’ Recreation: A Moderated Mediation Model Based on Temporal Self-Regulation Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sense of Place
2.2. Temporal Self-Regulation Theory
3. Research Hypotheses
3.1. Connectedness Beliefs, Temporal Valuations and Sense of Place
3.2. Connectedness Beliefs, Temporal Valuations and Recreation Involvement
3.3. Recreation Involvement and Sense of Place
3.4. The Mediating Role of Recreation Involvement
3.5. Recreation Benefits and Sense of Place
3.6. The Moderating Role of Recreation Benefits
3.7. A Moderated Mediation Role
4. Study Design
4.1. Scale Development
4.2. Case Parks
4.3. Data Collection
4.4. Sample Characteristics
5. Results
5.1. Measurement Model
5.2. Structural Model
- (1)
- Main effects. To test H1a and H1b, sense of place was first included as the dependent variable, and then the control variable and independent variable were added into the regression equation. As shown from model 2 in Table 5: connectedness beliefs had a significant positive effect on sense of place (β = 0.382, p < 0.001); temporal valuations had a significant positive effect on sense of place (β = 0.366, p < 0.001). Therefore, H1a and H1b were supported. As shown in model 3: recreation benefits had a significant positive effect on sense of place (β = 0.591, p < 0.001). Thus, H5 was supported.
- (2)
- Mediating effects. This study followed the steps proposed by Baron and Kenny to test the mediating effect of recreation involvement. As shown in model 8: connectedness beliefs had a significant positive effect on recreation involvement (β = 0.338, p < 0.001); temporal valuations had a significant positive effect on recreation involvement (β = 0.249, p < 0.001); therefore, H2a and H2b were supported. Model 4 was used to test the relationship between recreation involvement (the mediating variable) and sense of place (the dependent variable). Model 4 showed that recreation involvement had a significant positive effect on sense of place (β = 0.585, p < 0.001). Therefore, H3 was supported. Meanwhile, as shown in model 2, connectedness beliefs and temporal valuations had a significant positive effect on sense of place, and it can be seen from model 5 that after adding recreation involvement as a mediating variable, the effect of connectedness beliefs and temporal valuations on sense of place was still significant (connectedness beliefs: β = 0.252, p < 0.001; temporal valuations: β = 0.271, p < 0.001), but compared to model 2, there was a greater decrease in their values. In other words, recreation involvement played a partial mediating role in the relationship among connectedness beliefs, temporal valuations and sense of place. Therefore, H4a and H4b were supported.
- (3)
- Moderating effects. As shown in model 6, recreation involvement had a significant positive effect on sense of place (β = 0.312, p < 0.001); the interaction term between recreation involvement and recreation benefits had a significant positive effect on sense of place (β = 0.237, p < 0.001), indicating that recreation benefits positively moderate the relationship between recreation involvement and sense of place. Therefore, H6 was supported.
- (4)
- Moderated mediation effects. The regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using the bootstrapping method according to the test for moderated mediation effects proposed by Hayes, and the simple slope was used to test interaction effects of the moderating variables with the mediating variables, thus finally obtaining the changes after the mediating effects were moderated (a total of 5000 bootstrap samples were chosen). As shown in Table 6, when recreation benefits took a low value of −1.087, that is, when recreation benefits were within one standard deviation below the mean (M − 1SD), the value of the effect of connectedness beliefs on sense of place through recreation involvement was 0.0104, and the 95% bootstrap confidence interval was [−0.0018, 0.036], containing zero; when recreation benefits took a high value of 1.087, that is, when recreation benefits were within one standard deviation above the mean (M + 1SD), the value of the effect of connectedness beliefs on sense of place through recreation involvement is 0.0972, and the 95% bootstrap confidence interval was [0534, 0.152], not including zero. The confidence intervals ranged from including zero to not including zero, indicating that recreation benefits had a moderating effect in the mediation path “connectedness beliefs → recreation involvement → sense of place”. Thus, H7a was supported. Similarly, it can be found that recreation benefits played a moderating role in the mediation path “temporal valuations → recreation involvement → sense of place”, thus H7b was supported.
6. Conclusions and Discussion
6.1. Conclusions
- (1)
- Connectedness beliefs and temporal valuations positively influenced sense of place, and they also had a positive indirect effect on sense of place through the mediating variable of recreation involvement. Given that a large number of scholars have verified the significant positive correlation between recreation involvement and sense of place [66,67], this study added two antecedent variables, connectedness beliefs and temporal valuations, based on the TST framework. Recreation involvement served as a significant predictor of sense of place and also as a mediating variable among connectedness beliefs, temporal valuations and sense of place. In recreational activities, the stronger the connectedness between present actions and anticipated outcomes, and the closer the values attached to temporally dispersed outcomes, the greater the sense of involvement in the activity and the more likely it is to generate a sense of place.
- (2)
- Recreation benefits could significantly predict and positively influence sense of place. Greater recreation benefits increase the probability and degree of sense of place. Recreation benefits, as subjective evaluations of the individuals’ perceptions about the degree of satisfaction they achieve from recreational activities, can significantly influence participants’ attitudinal dispositions and behavioral performance. As the quality of recreation improves, residents feel a greater sense of dependence and identification with the recreation site, and they give positive feedback to the sense of place through feedback mechanisms, which will eventually manifest itself in residents’ attitudes towards choosing this place for ongoing recreation behavior.
- (3)
- The moderating role of recreation benefits. This study examined the moderating role of recreation benefits in the paths, which could strengthen the positive relationship between recreation involvement and sense of place, that is, the more recreation benefits recreationists received, the stronger the positive effect of recreation involvement on sense of place. In addition, recreation benefits mediate the role of recreation involvement in mediating between connectedness beliefs, temporal valuations and sense of place, and the more recreation benefits recreationists received, the stronger the mediating role of recreation involvement in the relationship among connectedness beliefs, temporal valuations and sense of place.
6.2. Theoretical Implications
6.3. Planning and Management Implications
6.4. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 275 | 50.5 |
Male | 270 | 49.5 | |
Age | ≤18 | 109 | 19.9 |
19–30 | 141 | 25.9 | |
31–45 | 124 | 22.8 | |
46–60 | 120 | 22 | |
>60 | 51 | 9.4 | |
Physical condition | Good | 199 | 36.5 |
Fair | 206 | 37.8 | |
Poor | 140 | 25.7 |
Variable | Category | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Recreation time spent in the park each time | Below 1 h | 132 | 24.2 |
1–2 h | 192 | 35.2 | |
2–3 h | 127 | 23.3 | |
Over 3 h | 94 | 17.3 | |
Frequency of recreational activities in the park per month | Below 3 times | 128 | 23.5 |
3–15 times | 224 | 41.1 | |
16–30 times | 118 | 21.7 | |
Over 30 times | 75 | 13.7 | |
Travel mode | Alone | 167 | 30.6 |
With family members | 154 | 28.3 | |
With friends | 127 | 23.3 | |
Team organization | 97 | 17.8 | |
Travel distance | Neighborhood residents | 303 | 55.6 |
Long-distance visitors | 242 | 44.4 |
Variable | Item | Standardized Factor Loading Values | Cronbach’s Alpha | C.R. | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connectedness beliefs | I will feel healthier if I go to the park for recreation. | 0.889 | 0.889 | 0.888 | 0.667 |
I will feel more comfortable if I go to the park for recreation. | 0.805 | ||||
I can strengthen the relationship with family members/friends if I go to the park for recreation. | 0.855 | ||||
I will be more hopeful about my future work/life if I go to the park for recreation. | 0.706 | ||||
Temporal valuations | I will think about the recreational effects of going to the park and make adjustments to my travel plans. | 0.831 | 0.845 | 0.845 | 0.646 |
I can quickly feel the recreational effects I want by going to the park for recreation. | 0.757 | ||||
I am willing to spend more time in the park now for my future health. | 0.821 | ||||
Recreation involvement | Recreation in the park is a great pleasure for me. | 0.854 | 0.832 | 0.929 | 0.687 |
I really enjoy the recreation time in the park. | 0.855 | ||||
Recreation in the park is important to me. | 0.845 | ||||
Recreation in the park reflects a lot about me. | 0.791 | ||||
Recreation in the park shows my true self. | 0.832 | ||||
I spend most of my recreational life in the park. | 0.795 | ||||
Recreation benefits | I am willing to share my recreation experiences in the park with others. | 0.831 | 0.904 | 0.923 | 0.705 |
Going to the park for recreation can alleviate fatigue. | 0.845 | ||||
Going to the park for recreation can improve mood. | 0.879 | ||||
Going to the park for recreation can improve physical health. | 0.821 | ||||
Going to the park can add fun to life and expand interests. | 0.821 | ||||
Sense of place | I will definitely come to this park for recreation as long as I am available. | 0.659 | 0.884 | 0.886 | 0.567 |
This park is more suitable for me, although there are other places for recreational activities. | 0.774 | ||||
This park allows me to relax myself to the maximum extent. | 0.695 | ||||
I really appreciate the environment of this park. | 0.807 | ||||
I feel that this park is an essential part of my recreational life. | 0.768 | ||||
This park has a special meaning for me. | 0.802 |
Connectedness Beliefs | Temporal Valuations | Recreation Involvement | Recreation Benefits | Sense of Place | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connectedness beliefs | 0.667 | ||||
Temporal valuations | 0.357 *** | 0.646 | |||
Recreation involvement | 0.478 *** | 0.404 *** | 0.687 | ||
Recreation benefits | 0.452 *** | 0.466 *** | 0.547 *** | 0.705 | |
Sense of place | 0.583 *** | 0.549 *** | 0.645 *** | 0.645 *** | 0.567 |
Square root of AVE | 0.817 | 0.804 | 0.829 | 0.840 | 0.753 |
Variable | Sense of Place | Recreation Involvement | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | |
Recreation time spent in the park each time | −0.038 | −0.032 | −0.029 | −0.06 | −0.049 | −0.048 | 0.038 | 0.043 |
Frequency of recreational activities in the park per month | 0.024 | 0.07 | 0.061 | 0.038 | 0.067 | 0.062 | −0.023 | 0.009 |
Travel mode | 0.023 | 0.008 | −0.011 | −0.018 | −0.014 | −0.026 | 0.07 | 0.058 |
Travel distance | 0.014 | −0.006 | −0.01 | 0.023 | 0.007 | 0.005 | −0.016 | −0.032 |
Connectedness beliefs | 0.382 *** | 0.252 *** | 0.338 *** | |||||
Temporal valuations | 0.366 *** | 0.271 *** | 0.249 *** | |||||
Recreation involvement | 0.585 *** | 0.384 *** | 0.312 *** | |||||
Recreation benefits | 0.591 *** | 0.296 *** | ||||||
Recreation involvement × Recreation benefits | 0.237 *** | |||||||
R2 | 0.003 | 0.368 | 0.349 | 0.343 | 0.481 | 0.491 | 0.007 | 0.235 |
Adj-R2 | 0.005 | 0.361 | 0.343 | 0.337 | 0.474 | 0.485 | 0 | 0.227 |
F | 0.388 | 52.283 | 57.72 | 56.276 | 71.14 | 74.063 | 0.969 | 27.551 |
Mediation Path | Recreation Benefits | Effect | BootSE | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Value | BootLLCI | BootULCI | |||
connectedness beliefs → recreation involvement → sense of place | Low | −1.087 | 0.0104 | 0.01 | −0.0018 | 0.036 |
Mean | 0 | 0.0434 | 0.0137 | 0.0202 | 0.0723 | |
High | 1.087 | 0.0972 | 0.0249 | 0.0534 | 0.152 | |
temporal valuations → recreation involvement → sense of place | Low | −1.087 | 0.0054 | 0.0126 | −0.0158 | 0.0355 |
Mean | 0 | 0.032 | 0.0146 | 0.0067 | 0.0642 | |
High | 1.087 | 0.0767 | 0.0224 | 0.0372 | 0.1246 |
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Tao, H.; Zhou, Q.; Yang, Q. A Study on the Localization of Urban Residents’ Recreation: A Moderated Mediation Model Based on Temporal Self-Regulation Theory. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065160
Tao H, Zhou Q, Yang Q. A Study on the Localization of Urban Residents’ Recreation: A Moderated Mediation Model Based on Temporal Self-Regulation Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065160
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao, Hui, Qing Zhou, and Qian Yang. 2023. "A Study on the Localization of Urban Residents’ Recreation: A Moderated Mediation Model Based on Temporal Self-Regulation Theory" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065160
APA StyleTao, H., Zhou, Q., & Yang, Q. (2023). A Study on the Localization of Urban Residents’ Recreation: A Moderated Mediation Model Based on Temporal Self-Regulation Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065160