Smart City Solutions from a Societal Perspective—A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Incorporating information and communications technology (ICT) systems into the urban space;
- Achieving a high quality of life through lasting and sustainable development;
- Smart governance of the city.
- With regard to the economy: entrepreneurship, creativity, innovation, flexible labour market, productivity, international relevance;
- With regard to transport and communication: smart and environmentally friendly transport systems, sustainable transport systems, availability of IT infrastructure, advanced information technologies;
- With regard to the environment: renewable energy, environmental awareness, air quality, energy saving, low CO2 emissions, efficient waste management, sustainable use of resources;
- With regard to people: qualifications, open-mindedness, creativity;
- With regard to the quality of life: friendly and clean environment, access to cultural centres, high level of safety, educational opportunities, living conditions, efficient social and technical infrastructure, health care, social welfare;
- With regard to smart governance: public participation, public consultation, participation in public life, transparency of activities, and social and public services.
1.1. Benefits of Being a Smart City
1.2. Smart City Indices and Rankings
- Average city size (population ranging from 100,000 to 500,000);
- There is at least one higher education institution in the city (an indicator of adequate intellectual capital);
- The city’s impact zone is smaller than 1.5 million inhabitants (this condition is intended to exclude cities dominated by neighbouring large urban agglomerations).
2. Methodology and Area of the Study
- A study of determinants and directions of the spatial development of the city of Suwałki [41]—a document specifying the directions of the city’s spatial policy;
- Strategy for Sustainable Development of the City of Suwałki by 2020 and the Suwałki 2030 Development Strategy [42]—documents specifying the vision and strategic goals for the socio-economic development of the city and the main directions of development in line with the current trends resulting from the EU cohesion policy and the decentralisation and globalisation processes occurring in the economy;
- Report on the State of the City of Suwałki 2020 [43]—a document presenting the most important areas of the city’s life: social, economic, and infrastructural, the urban space, and the city management as of the end of 2020;
- Implementation Document for the Strategy for Sustainable Development of the City of Suwałki by 2020 with an outlook until 2023 [44]—a programme document directing the city’s policy in terms of socio-economic development;
- Strategy for Solving Social Problems of the City of Suwałki for the years 2016–2025 [45]—a supplementary document that details the social sphere of the provisions included in the Strategy for Sustainable Development of the City of Suwałki by 2020 [46] and, in particular, the strategic objective 2. Improvement of living conditions.
3. Description of the Subject of the Study
3.1. General Characteristics of the City
3.2. Ranking European Smart Cities 3.0 and Ranking of Polish Sustainable Cities Arcadis 2021
4. Study Results
4.1. Analysis of the Smart Solutions Implemented in the Urban Fabric
- A modernised parking system offering the possibility of paying by card at parking meters, an option of purchasing an electronic parking ticket via the user’s bank;
- An option of purchasing a public transport ticket using a smartphone, a bank application, or websites designed to find transport connections and plan a journey;
- The “myBus online” application (which tracks public transport vehicles via GPS);
- Electronic information boards located at bus stops, displaying the bus arrival time and its route;
- e-podróżnik and BlaBlaCar systems to facilitate transport;
- The “all red” traffic light system—a smart traffic light system solution including sensors recording vehicle traffic;
- The “green wave” system located in designated streets, which enables a smooth passage provided the car does not exceed the speed of 60 km/h;
- Reconstruction of the airport.
- Gradual replacement of vans with electric cars;
- Installation of air sensors;
- Planting air-purifying vegetation on the roofs of self-service parcel pick-up stations.
- Designing innovative anti-smog paving blocks.
4.2. Questionnaire Survey Results—Analysis of the Smart City Level for Suwałki from a Societal Perspective
5. Summary and Conclusions
- From the perspective of definition and literature—the city meets the determinants resulting from the definition of this term, which is confirmed by its inclusion in the Ranking of European Smart Cities 3.0 and in the Ranking of Polish Sustainable Cities Arcadis 2021 (in which it takes an increasingly higher position).
- From the perspective of an analysis of a small city in terms of smart solution functioning—the analysis of strategic documents and the analysis of smart solutions implemented in the urban fabric also confirm that the range of solutions implemented in the city is at a satisfactory level.
- From the inhabitants’ perspective—inhabitants are satisfied with the functioning of most smart solutions in the urban space and have a positive attitude towards the implementation of the smart city concept while indicating the insufficient level of informing about these solutions.
- The need to invest in health care as a priority area requiring change;
- The need to improve informing inhabitants about Smart City measures and their benefits; to this end, a variety of communication channels need to be used, including websites, social networks, leaflets, etc.;
- The need to increase the number of ticket vending machines in public transport and to introduce covered, rain-protected bicycle parking places/racks to facilitate the use of public transport and bicycles;
- The need to invest in smart energy systems and building heating systems, which will contribute to environmental protection and energy savings, and will improve the inhabitants’ life quality;
- The development of the inhabitants’ digital skills, as in the era of accelerating technological development it is important for them to increase their knowledge and skills in modern technologies, which could include learning how to program, design websites, manage data, or use e-commerce platforms;
- The development of civic attitudes and increasing the inhabitants’ involvement in city affairs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Name | Definition | Authors |
---|---|---|
smart city | “Smart cities represent a conceptual urban development model based on the utilization of human, collective and technological capital for the enhancement of development and prosperity in urban agglomerations.”, p. 1. | Angelidou, M. [8] |
digital city | “Digital cities integrate urban information (both achievable and real-time) and create public spaces for people living in the cities”, p. 1 | Ishida, T. [9] |
intelligent city | “On the ground of innovative agglomerations and digital spatialities, the Intelligent City is becoming the dominant urban development and planning paradigm of the twenty-first century, connecting urban, innovation, and digital environments and setting in motion powerful socio-technological engines for change and sustainable growth”, p. 2 “Intelligent cities constitute a discrete category of intelligent environments generated by the agglomeration of creativities, smaller systems of innovation that operate within cities (technology districts, technology parks, innovation poles, innovative clusters), and digital networks and online services. Their added value lies in their ability to bring together three forms of intelligence: the human intelligence of the city’s population, the collective intelligence of innovation support institutions, and the artificial intelligence of digital networks and online services”, p. 19 | Komninos, N. [10] Komninos, N. [11] |
knowledge city (informational cities) | “A knowledge city is a city that aims at a knowledge-based development, by continuously encouraging the KM processes. This can be achieved through the continuous interaction between its knowledge agents themselves and at the same time between them and other cities’ knowledge agents. The city’s appropriate design, ICT networks and infrastructures support these interactions” | Ergazakis, K., Metaxiotis, K. & Psarras, J. [12] |
sustainable cities | “In summary, sustainable cities are cities where socio-economic interests are brought together in harmony (co-evolution) with environmental and energy concerns in order to ensure continuity in change”, p. 4. | Nijkamp, P., Perrels, A. [13] |
Year | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |||
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Journal Name/Total Number of Publications | 549 | 879 | 1943 | 2181 | 2570 | 4521 | 5777 | 7745 | 8283 | 6714 | 7371 | |||
Engineering Electrical Electronic | ||||||||||||||
Computer Science Theory Methods | ||||||||||||||
Computer Science Information Systems | ||||||||||||||
Telecommunications | ||||||||||||||
Computer Science Artificial Intelligence | ||||||||||||||
Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications | ||||||||||||||
Green Sustainable Science Technology | ||||||||||||||
Urban Studies | ||||||||||||||
Energy Fuels | ||||||||||||||
Computer Science Hardware Architecture | ||||||||||||||
Instruments Instrumentation | ||||||||||||||
Automation Control Systems | ||||||||||||||
Environmental Sciences | ||||||||||||||
Environmental Studies | ||||||||||||||
Materials Science Multidisciplinary | ||||||||||||||
Transportation Science Technology | ||||||||||||||
Engineering Civil | ||||||||||||||
Computer Science Software Engineering | ||||||||||||||
Regional Urban Planning | ||||||||||||||
Engineering Multidisciplinary | ||||||||||||||
Economics | ||||||||||||||
Geography | ||||||||||||||
Management | ||||||||||||||
Architecture | ||||||||||||||
Business | ||||||||||||||
Construction Building Technology | ||||||||||||||
Engineering Environmental | ||||||||||||||
Operations Research Management Science | ||||||||||||||
Social Sciences Interdisciplinary | ||||||||||||||
Transportation | ||||||||||||||
where | ||||||||||||||
no ranking | <5 | [5–10] | [10–15] | [15–20] | [20–25] | [25–30] | [30–35] | [35–40] | >40 |
Position | City | Result [%] | Society [%] | Position | Economy [%] | Position | Environment [%] | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Warszawa (capital city) | 68.72 | 26.03 | 1 | 16.83 | 42 | 25.87 | 1 |
2 | Toruń | 67.22 | 22.94 | 12 | 23.17 | 11 | 21.11 | 7 |
3 | Zielona Góra | 66.17 | 23.89 | 9 | 24.92 | 4 | 17.36 | 24 |
4 | Rzeszów | 65.95 | 24.29 | 4 | 20.95 | 21 | 20.71 | 8 |
5 | Poznań | 65.81 | 24.60 | 3 | 18.10 | 36 | 23.11 | 4 |
6 | Bielsko-Biała | 65.49 | 21.43 | 15 | 24.29 | 5 | 19.78 | 10 |
7 | Olsztyn | 65.20 | 23.57 | 10 | 23.65 | 9 | 17.98 | 20 |
8 | Gdańsk | 65.14 | 20.95 | 17 | 20.48 | 24 | 23.71 | 2 |
9 | Koszalin | 64.97 | 23.33 | 11 | 25.40 | 1 | 16.24 | 31 |
10 | Lublin | 64.40 | 24.29 | 5 | 21.43 | 20 | 18.69 | 13 |
11 | Białystok | 64.36 | 23.89 | 8 | 22.38 | 14 | 18.09 | 18 |
… | ………… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
14 | Suwałki | 61.96 | 20.08 | 21 | 23.97 | 7 | 17.91 | 21 |
… | ………… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
To What Extent Are You Satisfied with the Following Functional Aspects of the City of Suwałki? | Very Dissatisfied | Dissatisfied | Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied | Satisfied | Very Satisfied | I Have no Opinion on This Topic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Access to education | 1.7% | 11.7% | 23.3% | 35.8% | 25.8% | 1.7% |
Access to green areas | 3.3% | 11.7% | 20.0% | 31.7% | 33.3% | 0.0% |
Access to local government information | 5.8% | 20.8% | 36.7% | 24.2% | 8.3% | 4.2% |
Proximity to shopping centres, restaurants, cafés, pubs, cinemas, theatres | 5.8% | 11.7% | 28.3% | 26.7% | 27.5% | 0.0% |
Access to healthcare services | 17.5% | 38.3% | 30.0% | 7.5% | 6.7% | 0.0% |
Leisure opportunities (cultural events, availability of leisure and entertainment facilities) | 12.5% | 28.3% | 26.7% | 20.0% | 12.5% | 0.0% |
Public security | 10.0% | 22.5% | 24.2% | 28.3% | 14.2% | 0.8% |
Air quality | 8.3% | 15.8% | 21.7% | 33.3% | 20.0% | 0.8% |
Cleanliness of city streets | 5.0% | 14.2% | 22.5% | 36.7% | 20.8% | 0.8% |
Career opportunities | 23.3% | 25.0% | 29.2% | 14.2% | 8.3% | 0.0% |
Time spent travelling to school/work | 5.8% | 13.3% | 21.7% | 32.5% | 24.2% | 2.5% |
Availability of parking spaces | 20.0% | 14.2% | 22.5% | 33.3% | 7.5% | 2.5% |
Quality of bicycle paths and routes for pedestrians and cyclists | 5.0% | 10.8% | 20.8% | 35.0% | 24.2% | 4.2% |
Possibility of convenient travelling by different means of transport | 13.3% | 22.5% | 31.7% | 18.3% | 10.8% | 3.3% |
Occurrence of smart city features in the city (e.g., smart lighting and traffic light systems, city bikes) | 10.0% | 16.7% | 40.8% | 23.3% | 6.7% | 2.5% |
Facilities for the disabled | 15.8% | 29.2% | 25.8% | 12.5% | 4.2% | 12.5% |
Amenities | I Have Noticed Them but Do Not Use Them | I Use Them Occasionally | I Use Them Frequently | I Have Not Noticed Them |
---|---|---|---|---|
Access to free wireless Internet | 48.3% | 15.0% | 2.5% | 34.2% |
Possibility of buying an electronic bus ticket | 57.5% | 14.2% | 3.3% | 25.0% |
Electronic notice boards | 34.2% | 25.0% | 15.8% | 25.0% |
Checking and tracking public transport via an application | 35.0% | 12.5% | 9.2% | 43.3% |
Modernised parking system (payment by card, moBiLET electronic ticket) | 27.5% | 19.2% | 10.8% | 42.5% |
E-administration | 33.3% | 24.2% | 18.3% | 24.2% |
E-payments | 23.3% | 32.5% | 30.0% | 14.2% |
City bikes | 50.0% | 34.2% | 13.3% | 2.5% |
Urban SMS Notification System | 30.0% | 15.0% | 8.3% | 46.7% |
Traffic amenities (“all red” light system and a green wave) | 12.5% | 17.5% | 20.0% | 50.0% |
Smart City Lighting | 16.7% | 14.2% | 12.5% | 56.7% |
Urban monitoring, web camera | 39.2% | 16.7% | 3.3% | 40.8% |
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Szczepańska, A.; Kaźmierczak, R.; Myszkowska, M. Smart City Solutions from a Societal Perspective—A Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065136
Szczepańska A, Kaźmierczak R, Myszkowska M. Smart City Solutions from a Societal Perspective—A Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):5136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065136
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzczepańska, Agnieszka, Rafał Kaźmierczak, and Monika Myszkowska. 2023. "Smart City Solutions from a Societal Perspective—A Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 5136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065136