Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Evidence from Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Knowledge about COVID-19
2.3. Precautionary Behaviors
2.4. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS)
2.5. World Health Organization Quality of Life—Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Level of Knowledge, Precautionary Behavior, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS), and Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) of Participants
3.3. Analysis of Association
3.4. Correlation of Coefficients
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Age (years) | |
≤30 | 506 (40.6) |
31–40 | 326 (26.2) |
41–50 | 254 (20.4) |
51–60 | 118 (9.5) |
>60 | 42 (3.4) |
Sex | |
Male | 571 (45.8) |
Female | 675 (54.2) |
Educational Level | |
Secondary School | 302 (24.2) |
Pre-University | 408 (32.7) |
Graduate | 436 (35.0) |
Postgraduate | 100 (8.0) |
Employment Status | |
Full-time | 1012 (81.2) |
Part-time | 101 (8.1) |
Retired | 38 (3.0) |
Unemployed | 95 (7.6) |
Annual Incomes (USD) | |
Less than USD 10,000 | 477 (38.3) |
USD 10,000 to USD 20,000 | 629 (50.5) |
More than USD 20,000 | 140 (11.2) |
Financial Struggle | |
Yes | 605 (48.6) |
No | 641 (51.4) |
Number of Dependents | |
None | 350 (28.1) |
1 | 203 (16.3) |
2 | 279 (22.4) |
3 | 235 (18.9) |
More than 3 | 179 (14.3) |
Chronic Diseases | |
Yes | 150 (12.0) |
No | 1096 (88.0) |
History of COVID-19 Positive/Close Contact | |
Yes | 601 (48.2) |
No | 645 (51.8) |
Characteristic | Frequency (%) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
Knowledge Level | ||
Moderate | 149 (12.0) | |
High | 1097 (88.0) | |
Precautionary Behavior | ||
Cover mouth when coughing or sneezing | 639 (51.3) | |
Use serving utensils | 582 (46.7) | |
Wash hands with soap | 645 (51.8) | |
Wash hands immediately after sneezing, coughing, or rubbing nose | 632 (50.7) | |
Wear face mask | 1015 (81.5) | |
Practice social distancing | 633 (50.8) | |
Wash hands after touching possible contaminated objects | 635 (51.0) | |
DASS | ||
Depression | 13.7 (8.9) | |
Anxiety | 13.0 (8.6) | |
Stress | 14.6 (8.5) | |
WHOQOL-BREF | ||
Physical health | 13.0 (2.6) | |
Psychological status | 12.9 (2.6) | |
Social relationships | 13.5 (3.2) | |
Environmental conditions | 13.4 (2.4) |
Characteristic | DASS (p-Value) | WHOQOL-BREF (p-Value) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Anxiety | Stress | Physical Health | Psychological Status | Social Relationships | Environmental Conditions | |
Sociodemographic Age | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Sex | <0.01 ** | <0.05 * | 0.74 | 0.211 | 0.240 | <0.01 ** | <0.01 ** |
Educational level | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Employment status | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Annual incomes | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Financial Struggle | 0.105 | <0.05 * | 0.066 | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Number of dependents | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.05 * | <0.01 ** | <0.01 ** | 0.079 |
Chronic diseases | <0.05 * | <0.01 ** | 0.103 | 0.166 | 0.346 | <0.05 * | 0.243 |
History of COVID-19 positive/close contact | 0.208 | <0.01 ** | <0.05 * | 0.248 | 0.469 | 0.371 | 0.212 |
Level of Knowledge | 0.061 | 0.104 | <0.05 * | <0.01 ** | 0.468 | 0.404 | <0.01 ** |
Variables | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ||||||||
| −0.070 * | 1 | |||||||
| −0.116 *** | 0.045 | 1 | ||||||
| −0.083 ** | 0.064 * | 0.756 *** | 1 | |||||
| −0.081 ** | 0.048 | 0.748 *** | 0.740 *** | 1 | ||||
| 0.102 *** | 0.051 | −0.505 *** | −0.471 *** | −0.476 *** | 1 | |||
| 0.089 ** | −0.004 | −0.493 *** | −0.438 *** | −0.475 *** | 0.568 *** | 1 | ||
| 0.068 ** | −0.015 | −0.431 *** | −0.405 *** | −0.409 *** | 0.409 *** | 0.403 *** | 1 | |
| 0.063 * | −0.073 * | −0.419 *** | −0.459 *** | −0.438 *** | 0.557 *** | 0.524 *** | 0.489 *** | 1 |
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Tan, E.S.S.; Chin, S.A.F.X.; Sathapan, M.S.P.; Dewi, A.D.; Amini, F.; Bustami, N.A.; Tan, P.Y.; Ho, Y.B.; Tan, C.K. Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Evidence from Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054046
Tan ESS, Chin SAFX, Sathapan MSP, Dewi AD, Amini F, Bustami NA, Tan PY, Ho YB, Tan CK. Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054046
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Eugenie Sin Sing, Shaun Ashley Fung Xian Chin, Manimeyapan S. Palaniappan Sathapan, Astrid Disimond Dewi, Farahnaz Amini, Normina Ahmad Bustami, Pui Yee Tan, Yu Bin Ho, and Chung Keat Tan. 2023. "Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Evidence from Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054046